Art-gallery/Inputs/artistslistdbdata-1783347647806.csv

"id","name","birth_year","death_year","movement_id","portrait_path","bio_short","bio_full","wikipedia_title","century","checkup_checked","checkup_fixed","palette_metadata","portrait_thumb_path"
47,"Honoré Daumier",1808,1879,12,"portraits/Honor__Daumier.jpg","Honoré-Victorin Daumier (French: [ɔnɔʁe domje]; 26 February 1808 – 10 or 11 February 1879) was a French painter, sculptor, and printmaker, whose many works offer commentary on the social and political life in France, from the Revolution of 1830 to the fall of the Second French Empire in 1870. He earned a living producing caricatures and cartoons in newspapers and periodicals such as La Caricature and Le Charivari, for which he became well known in his lifetime and is still remembered today.","Honoré-Victorin Daumier (French: [ɔnɔʁe domje]; 26 February 1808 – 10 or 11 February 1879) was a French painter, sculptor, and printmaker, whose many works offer commentary on the social and political life in France, from the Revolution of 1830 to the fall of the Second French Empire in 1870. He earned a living producing caricatures and cartoons in newspapers and periodicals such as La Caricature and Le Charivari, for which he became well known in his lifetime and is still remembered today. He was a republican democrat (working class liberal), who satirized and lampooned the monarchy, aristocracy, clergy, politicians, the judiciary, lawyers, police, detectives, the wealthy, the military, the bourgeoisie, as well as his countrymen and human nature in general. 
Daumier was a serious painter, loosely associated with realism, sometimes blurring the boundaries between caricature and fine art. Although he occasionally exhibited at the Parisian Salon, his paintings were largely overlooked and ignored by the French public and critics of the day. Yet Daumier's fellow painters, as well as the poet and art critic Charles Baudelaire, noticed and greatly admired his work. Later generations would recognize Daumier as one of the great French artists of the 19th century, profoundly influencing a younger generation of impressionist and postimpressionist painters. Daumier was a tireless and prolific artist and produced more than 100 sculptures, 500 paintings, 1,000 drawings, 1,000 wood engravings, and 4,000 lithographs. 
Daumier came from a poor family and was working by the age of 12, first at a huissier de justice, then at a bookstore frequented by artists where he began to draw. He received some mentorship from Alexandre Lenoir, attended the Académie Suisse, learned lithography, and was producing advertisements, illustrations, and caricatures by the time he was twenty. After the July Revolution of 1830 he begin working for satirical political papers that were highly critical of the new monarch Louis Philippe I and his court. He was jailed for several months in 1832 after the publication of Gargantua, a particularly offensive depiction of the King, Louis Philippe. After his release Daumier resumed publishing political lithographs until the September Laws were passed in 1835, limiting the freedom of the press. Afterwards, his cartoons softened, the bourgeoisie and daily Parisian life were more frequent subjects, and when political subjects did appear they were oblique and veiled. Daumier experienced financial hardships and debt throughout much of his life.
Daumier married Alexandrine Dassy in 1846 and moved to the Île Saint-Louis where they lived until 1863. He increasingly associated with writers, poets, painters, and sculptors there, including Baudelaire, Corot, Courbet, Delacroix among others, and began to paint in earnest. He spent his summers from 1853 onward in Barbizon and Valmondois, where artists of the Barbizon school and realist movement worked. As his desire to paint intensified, his enthusiasm for cartooning declined, as did his popularity with the public. Le Charivari stopped publishing his comics in 1860. A period of financial hardship followed, and from 1863–1865 he moved to a series of lodgings around Montmartre and lost contact with many friends. Le Charivari gave him a new contract in 1864 and he resumed making caricatures for an appreciative audience in Paris. Daumier moved to Valmondois in 1865. He experienced failing eyesight and poverty there, although he continued to produce lithographs and paint, often on the theme of Don Quixote. The French Third Republic granted him a pension in 1877, and the following year a major exhibition of his paintings was held in Paris, which received significant recognition in the final months of his life. Daumier died in February 1879. Various sources give conflicting dates regarding the day of his death: some state 10 February 1879, others 11 February.","Honoré Daumier",1800,False,False,"{""gender"": null, ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Impressionism, Orientalism, Realism, Romanticism, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""Realism"", ""last_year"": 1879, ""birth_year"": 1808, ""death_year"": null, ""first_year"": 1822, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Marseille"", ""citizenship"": null, ""death_place"": null, ""nationality"": ""French"", ""occupations"": null, ""teachers_raw"": null, ""painting_school"": null, ""styles_extended"": ""{Impressionism:10},{Orientalism:1},{Realism:228},{Romanticism:14},{Unknown:1}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Realism:290}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": null, ""influenced_on_raw"": ""Jean-Francois Millet,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 254}","portraits/thumbs/Honor__Daumier_thumb.jpg"
18,"Claude Lorrain",1600,1682,8,"portraits/Claude_Lorrain.jpg","ʁɛ̃]; born Claude Gellée [ʒəle], called le Lorrain in French; traditionally just Claude in English; c. 1600 – 23 November 1682) was a painter, draughtsman and etcher of the Baroque era originally from the Duchy of Lorraine.","Claude Lorrain (French: [klod lɔ.ʁɛ̃]; born Claude Gellée [ʒəle], called le Lorrain in French; traditionally just Claude in English; c. 1600 – 23 November 1682) was a painter, draughtsman and etcher of the Baroque era originally from the Duchy of Lorraine. He spent most of his life in Italy, and is one of the earliest significant artists, aside from his contemporaries in Dutch Golden Age painting, to concentrate on landscape painting. His landscapes often transitioned into the more prestigious genre of history paintings by addition of a few small figures, typically representing a scene from the Bible or classical mythology.
By the end of the 1630s, he was established as the leading landscapist in Italy, and he enjoyed large fees for his work. His landscapes gradually became larger, but with fewer figures, more carefully painted, and produced at a lower rate. He was not generally an innovator in landscape painting, except in introducing the sun and streaming sunlight into many paintings, which had been rare before. He is now thought of as a French painter, but was born in the independent Duchy of Lorraine, and almost all his painting was done in Italy; before the late 19th century he was regarded as a painter of the ""Roman School"". His patrons were also mostly Italian, but after his death he became very popular with English collectors, and the UK retains a high proportion of his works.

He was a prolific creator of drawings in pen and very often monochrome watercolour ""wash"", usually brown but sometimes grey. Chalk is sometimes used for under-drawing, and white highlighting in various media may be employed, much less often other colours such as pink. These fall into three fairly distinct groups. Firstly, there are numerous sketches, mostly of landscapes, often created on-site; these have been greatly admired, and influenced other artists. Then there are studies for paintings, of various degrees of finish, many clearly done before or during the process of painting, while others were likely made after the painting was completed. This was certainly the case for the last group, the 195 drawings recording finished paintings collected in his Liber Veritatis (now in the British Museum). He produced over 40 etchings, often simplified versions of paintings, mainly before 1642. These served various purposes for him, but are now regarded as much less important than his drawings. He painted frescoes in his early career, which played an important part in making his reputation, but are now nearly all lost.","Claude Lorrain",1600,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Baroque, Classicism, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""Baroque"", ""last_year"": 1682, ""birth_year"": 1600, ""death_year"": 1682, ""first_year"": 1630, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Chamagne"", ""citizenship"": ""Duchy of Lorraine"", ""death_place"": ""Rome"", ""nationality"": ""French"", ""occupations"": ""drawer, printmaker, painter"", ""teachers_raw"": ""Agostino Tassi,Claude Deruet,"", ""painting_school"": null, ""styles_extended"": ""{Baroque:19},{Classicism:80},{Unknown:4}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Baroque:8},{Baroque,Rococo:88}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": ""Annibale Carracci,"", ""influenced_on_raw"": ""John Constable,Aelbert Cuyp,Jan Dirksz Both,Camille Corot,Joseph Anton Koch,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 103}","portraits/thumbs/Claude_Lorrain_thumb.jpg"
49,"J. M. W. Turner",1775,1851,11,"portraits/J__M__W__Turner.jpg","Joseph Mallord William Turner (London, 23 April 1775 – London, 19 December 1851), known in his time as William Turner, was an English Romantic painter, printmaker and watercolourist. He is known for his expressive colouring, imaginative landscapes and turbulent, often violent marine paintings.","Joseph Mallord William Turner (London, 23 April 1775 – London, 19 December 1851), known in his time as William Turner, was an English Romantic painter, printmaker and watercolourist. He is known for his expressive colouring, imaginative landscapes and turbulent, often violent marine paintings. His artistic style developed over his lifetime, moving away from Romanticism—bypassing the following rising style of Realism—and, instead, with his later works being a significant precursor of and presaging the later Impressionist and Abstract Art movements that arose in the decades after his death. He left behind more than 550 oil paintings, 2,000 watercolours, and 30,000 works on paper. He was championed by the leading English art critic John Ruskin from 1840, and is today regarded as having elevated landscape painting to an eminence rivalling history painting. In 1969 art historian Kenneth Clark wrote of Turner: ""He was a genius of the first order—far the greatest painter that England has ever produced ..."".
Turner was born in Maiden Lane, Covent Garden, London, to a modest lower-middle-class family and retained his lower-class accent, while assiduously avoiding the trappings of success and fame. A child prodigy, Turner studied at the Royal Academy of Arts from 1789, enrolling when he was 14, and exhibited his first work there at 15. During this period, he also served as an architectural draftsman. He earned a steady income from commissions and sales, which he often only begrudgingly accepted owing to his troubled and contrary nature. He opened his own gallery in 1804 and became professor of perspective at the academy in 1807, where he lectured until 1828. He travelled around Europe from 1802, typically returning with voluminous sketchbooks.
Intensely private, eccentric, and reclusive, Turner was a controversial figure throughout his career. He did not marry, but fathered two daughters, Evelina (1801–1874) and Georgiana (1811–1843), by the widow Sarah Danby. He became more pessimistic and morose as he got older, especially after the death of his father in 1829; when his outlook deteriorated, his gallery fell into disrepair and neglect, and his art intensified. In 1841, Turner rowed a boat into the Thames so he could not be counted as present at any property in that year's census. He lived in squalor and poor health from 1845, and died in London in 1851 aged 76. Turner is buried in St Paul's Cathedral, London.","J. M. W. Turner",1700,False,False,"{""gender"": null, ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Impressionism, Romanticism, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""Romanticism"", ""last_year"": 1844, ""birth_year"": 1775, ""death_year"": null, ""first_year"": 1798, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""London"", ""citizenship"": null, ""death_place"": null, ""nationality"": null, ""occupations"": null, ""teachers_raw"": null, ""painting_school"": null, ""styles_extended"": ""{Impressionism:1},{Romanticism:243},{Unknown:1}"", ""art500k_movements"": null, ""influenced_by_raw"": null, ""influenced_on_raw"": null, ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 245}","portraits/thumbs/J__M__W__Turner_thumb.jpg"
63,"Lyubov Popova",1889,1924,22,"portraits/Lyubov_Popova.jpg","Lyubov Sergeyevna Popova (Russian: Любо́вь Серге́евна Попо́ва; 24 April 1889 – 25 May 1924) was a Russian-Soviet avant-garde artist, painter and designer.","Lyubov Sergeyevna Popova (Russian: Любо́вь Серге́евна Попо́ва; 24 April 1889 – 25 May 1924) was a Russian-Soviet avant-garde artist, painter and designer.","Lyubov Popova",1800,False,False,"{""gender"": ""female"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Abstract Art, Constructivism, Cubism, Cubo-Futurism, Expressionism, Suprematism, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""Cubism"", ""last_year"": 1922, ""birth_year"": 1925, ""death_year"": 1996, ""first_year"": 1909, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Minusinsk"", ""citizenship"": null, ""death_place"": ""Kharkiv"", ""nationality"": ""Russian"", ""occupations"": ""opera singer"", ""teachers_raw"": null, ""painting_school"": ""Supremus"", ""styles_extended"": ""{Abstract Art:11},{Constructivism:3},{Cubism:15},{Cubo-Futurism:25},{Expressionism:1},{Suprematism:7},{Unknown:4}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Cubism,Suprematism,Constructivism:36}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": null, ""influenced_on_raw"": null, ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 66}","portraits/thumbs/Lyubov_Popova_thumb.jpg"
86,"Roy Lichtenstein",1923,1997,26,"portraits/Roy_Lichtenstein.jpg","Roy Fox Lichtenstein ( LIK-tən-STYN; October 27, 1923 – September 29, 1997) was an American artist. A leading figure of the Pop Art movement, he is best known for his large-scale paintings inspired by comic books, advertisements, and mass-produced imagery.","Roy Fox Lichtenstein ( LIK-tən-STYN; October 27, 1923 – September 29, 1997) was an American artist. A leading figure of the Pop Art movement, he is best known for his large-scale paintings inspired by comic books, advertisements, and mass-produced imagery. Lichtenstein's art is represented in major museum collections worldwide, and he remains one of the most influential and recognizable artists of the 20th century.
Emerging in the early 1960s, Lichtenstein gained international recognition for works that employed bold outlines, flat colors, and his signature use of Ben-Day dots—a mechanical printing technique he meticulously replicated by hand. Through this approach, Lichtenstein challenged traditional distinctions between ""high"" art and popular culture, transforming seemingly banal source material into monumental, self-aware compositions. His work often explored themes of romance, war, consumerism, and art itself, frequently incorporating irony and detachment to comment on modern visual culture. 
Beyond his comic-inspired paintings, Lichtenstein's wide-ranging career included sculpture, murals, prints, and reinterpretations of canonical works by artists such as Picasso, Monet, and Matisse. His best-known works include Look Mickey (1961), Whaam! (1963), and Drowning Girl (1963), which helped define his visual language and establish Pop Art as a dominant movement of the era. Lichtenstein's most expensive work, Masterpiece (1962), sold privately in 2017 for a reported $165 million. 
Lichtenstein received numerous accolades during his career, including election to the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 1979 and the National Medal of Arts in 1995. Lichtenstein also received several Honorary Doctorates in Fine Art from institutions, including California Institute of the Arts, Ohio State University, and George Washington University.","Roy Lichtenstein",1900,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Abstract Art, Cubism, Expressionism, Pop Art, Surrealism, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""Pop Art"", ""last_year"": 1994, ""birth_year"": 1923, ""death_year"": 1997, ""first_year"": 1908, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Manhattan"", ""citizenship"": ""United States of America"", ""death_place"": ""Manhattan"", ""nationality"": ""American"", ""occupations"": ""painter, sculptor, university teacher, graphic artist, jewelry designer, scenographer, designer, printmaker, architectural draftsperson, lithographer"", ""teachers_raw"": null, ""painting_school"": null, ""styles_extended"": ""{Abstract Art:18},{Cubism:9},{Expressionism:3},{Pop Art:117},{Surrealism:1},{Unknown:4}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Pop Art:119}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": ""Fernand Leger,"", ""influenced_on_raw"": null, ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 152}","portraits/thumbs/Roy_Lichtenstein_thumb.jpg"
45,"Henri Privat-Livemont",1861,1936,16,"portraits/Henri_Privat-Livemont.jpg","Privat Antoine Théodore Livemont (1861–1936) was a Belgian Symbolist painter and Art Nouveau decorator who sometimes worked under the name T. Privat-Livemont.","Privat Antoine Théodore Livemont (1861–1936) was a Belgian Symbolist painter and Art Nouveau decorator who sometimes worked under the name T. Privat-Livemont.","Henri Privat-Livemont",1800,False,False,NULL,"portraits/thumbs/Henri_Privat-Livemont_thumb.jpg"
15,"Caravaggio",1571,1610,8,"portraits/Caravaggio.jpg","Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio (also Michele Angelo Merigi or Amerighi da Caravaggio; 29 September 1571 – 18 July 1610), known mononymously as Caravaggio, was an Italian painter active in Rome for a significant portion of his artistic life. He began his apprenticeship in Milan in 1584, and during the final four years of his life, he moved between Naples, Malta, and Sicily.","Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio (also Michele Angelo Merigi or Amerighi da Caravaggio; 29 September 1571 – 18 July 1610), known mononymously as Caravaggio, was an Italian painter active in Rome for a significant portion of his artistic life. He began his apprenticeship in Milan in 1584, and during the final four years of his life, he moved between Naples, Malta, and Sicily. His paintings have been characterized by art critics as combining a realistic observation of the human state, both physical and emotional, with a dramatic use of lighting, which had a formative influence on Baroque painting.
Caravaggio employed close physical observation with a dramatic use of chiaroscuro that came to be known as tenebrism. He made the technique a dominant stylistic element, transfixing subjects in bright shafts of light and darkening shadows. Caravaggio vividly expressed crucial moments and scenes, often featuring violent struggles, torture, and death. He worked rapidly with live models, preferring to forgo drawings and work directly on the canvas. His effect on the new Baroque style that emerged from Mannerism was profound. His influence can be seen directly or indirectly in the work of Peter Paul Rubens, Jusepe de Ribera, Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Velázquez and Rembrandt, as well as many lesser-known artists. Artists most deeply influenced by him were called the ""Caravaggisti"" (or ""Caravagesques""), as well as tenebrists or tenebrosi (""shadowists"").
Caravaggio trained as a painter in Milan before moving to Rome when he was in his twenties. He developed a considerable name as an artist and as a violent, touchy and provocative man. He killed Ranuccio Tomassoni in a brawl, which led to a death sentence for murder and forced him to flee to Naples. There he again established himself as one of the most prominent Italian painters of his generation. He travelled to Malta and on to Sicily in 1607 and pursued a papal pardon for his sentence. In 1609, he returned to Naples, where he was involved in a violent clash; his face was disfigured, and rumours of his death circulated. Questions about his mental state arose from his erratic and bizarre behavior. He died in 1610 under uncertain circumstances while on his way from Naples to Rome. Reports stated that he died of a fever, possibly due to wounds. Suggestions have been made that he was murdered or that he died of lead poisoning.
Caravaggio's innovations inspired Baroque painting, which often incorporated the drama of his chiaroscuro with a lesser degree of psychological disturbance. As style evolved and fashions changed, Caravaggio fell out of favor. In the 20th century, interest in his work was revived, and his importance to the development of Western art was reassessed. The 20th-century art historian André Berne-Joffroy stated: ""What begins in the work of Caravaggio is, quite simply, modern painting.""","Caravaggio",1500,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Baroque, Tenebrism, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""Baroque"", ""last_year"": 1799, ""birth_year"": 1571, ""death_year"": 1610, ""first_year"": 1592, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Milan"", ""citizenship"": ""Duchy of Milan"", ""death_place"": ""Porto Ercole"", ""nationality"": ""Italian"", ""occupations"": ""painter"", ""teachers_raw"": null, ""painting_school"": null, ""styles_extended"": ""{Baroque:21},{Tenebrism:20},{Unknown:64}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Baroque:80},{Renaissance:1}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": ""Giorgione,Titian,"", ""influenced_on_raw"": ""Gustave Courbet,Artemisia Gentileschi,Diego Velazquez,Hendrick Terbrugghen,Peter Paul Rubens,Johannes Vermeer,Georges de la Tour,Jusepe de Ribera,Rembrandt,Eugene Delacroix,Edouard Manet,Jacob Jordaens,Francisco de Zurbaran,Jacques-Louis David,Giorgio Morandi,Caravaggisti,Odd Nerdrum,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 105}","portraits/thumbs/Caravaggio_thumb.jpg"
66,"Masaccio",1401,1428,4,"portraits/Masaccio.jpg","Masaccio (UK: , US: ; Italian: [maˈzattʃo]; December 21, 1401 – summer 1428), born Tommaso di Ser Giovanni di Simone, was a Florentine artist who is regarded as the first great Italian painter of the Quattrocento period of the Italian Renaissance. According to Vasari, Masaccio was the best painter of his generation because of his skill at imitating nature, recreating lifelike figures and movements as well as a convincing sense of three-dimensionality.","Masaccio (UK: , US: ; Italian: [maˈzattʃo]; December 21, 1401 – summer 1428), born Tommaso di Ser Giovanni di Simone, was a Florentine artist who is regarded as the first great Italian painter of the Quattrocento period of the Italian Renaissance. According to Vasari, Masaccio was the best painter of his generation because of his skill at imitating nature, recreating lifelike figures and movements as well as a convincing sense of three-dimensionality. He employed nudes and foreshortenings in his figures. This had seldom been done before him.
The name Masaccio is a humorous version of Maso (short for Tommaso), meaning ""clumsy"" or ""messy"" Tom. The name may have been created to distinguish him from his principal collaborator, also called Maso, who came to be known as Masolino (""little/delicate Tom"").
Despite his brief career, he had a profound influence on other artists and is considered to have started the Early Italian Renaissance in painting with his works in the mid- and late-1420s. He was one of the first to use linear perspective in his painting, employing techniques such as vanishing point in art for the first time. He moved away from the International Gothic style and elaborate ornamentation of artists like Gentile da Fabriano to a more naturalistic mode that employed perspective and chiaroscuro for greater realism.
Masaccio died at the age of twenty-six and little is known about the exact circumstances of his death. Upon hearing of Masaccio's death, Filippo Brunelleschi said: ""We have suffered a great loss.""","Masaccio",1400,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Early Renaissance, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""Early Renaissance"", ""last_year"": 1428, ""birth_year"": 1401, ""death_year"": 1428, ""first_year"": 1420, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""San Giovanni Valdarno"", ""citizenship"": null, ""death_place"": ""Rome"", ""nationality"": ""Italian"", ""occupations"": ""painter"", ""teachers_raw"": null, ""painting_school"": ""Florentine School"", ""styles_extended"": ""{Early Renaissance:21},{Unknown:6}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Early Renaissance:28}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": null, ""influenced_on_raw"": ""Leonardo da Vinci,Michelangelo,Sandro Botticelli,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 27}","portraits/thumbs/Masaccio_thumb.jpg"
87,"Salvador Dalí",1904,1989,24,"portraits/Salvador_Dal_.jpg","Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech, Marquess of Dalí de Púbol (11 May 1904 – 23 January 1989), known as Salvador Dalí, was a Spanish surrealist artist renowned for his technical skill, precise draftsmanship, and the striking and bizarre images in his work.
Born in Figueres in Catalonia, Dalí received his formal education in fine arts in Madrid.","Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech, Marquess of Dalí de Púbol (11 May 1904 – 23 January 1989), known as Salvador Dalí, was a Spanish surrealist artist renowned for his technical skill, precise draftsmanship, and the striking and bizarre images in his work.
Born in Figueres in Catalonia, Dalí received his formal education in fine arts in Madrid. Influenced by Impressionism and the Renaissance masters from a young age, he became increasingly attracted to Cubism and avant-garde movements. He moved closer to Surrealism in the late 1920s and joined the Surrealist group in 1929, soon becoming one of its leading exponents. His best-known work, The Persistence of Memory, was completed in August 1931. Dalí lived in France throughout the Spanish Civil War (1936 to 1939) before leaving for the United States in 1940 where he achieved commercial success. He returned to Spain in 1948 where he announced his return to the Catholic faith and developed his ""nuclear mysticism"" style, based on his interest in classicism, mysticism, and recent scientific developments.
Dalí's artistic repertoire included painting, sculpture, film, graphic arts, animation, fashion, and photography, at times in collaboration with other artists. He also wrote fiction, poetry, autobiography, essays, and criticism. Major themes in his work include dreams, the subconscious, sexuality, religion, science and his closest personal relationships. To the dismay of those who held his work in high regard, and to the irritation of his critics, his eccentric and ostentatious public behavior often drew more attention than his artwork. His public support for the Francoist regime, his commercial activities and the quality and authenticity of some of his late works have also been controversial. His life and work were an important influence on other Surrealists, pop art, popular culture, and contemporary artists such as Jeff Koons and Damien Hirst.
There are two major museums devoted to Salvador Dalí's work: the Dalí Theatre-Museum in Figueres, Spain, and the Salvador Dalí Museum in St. Petersburg, Florida, U.S.","Salvador Dalí",1900,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Abstract Art, Abstract Expressionism, Cloisonnism, Cubism, Divisionism, Expressionism, Impressionism, Kitsch, Metaphysical art, Naïve Art (Primitivism), Neoclassicism, Op Art, Pointillism, Post-Impressionism, Realism, Surrealism, Symbolism, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""Surrealism"", ""last_year"": 1983, ""birth_year"": 1904, ""death_year"": 1989, ""first_year"": 1910, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Figueres"", ""citizenship"": ""Spain"", ""death_place"": ""Figueres"", ""nationality"": ""Spanish"", ""occupations"": ""screenwriter, photographer, actor, writer, illustrator, painter, sculptor, graphic artist, jewelry designer, film director, scenographer, film actor, holographer"", ""teachers_raw"": null, ""painting_school"": null, ""styles_extended"": ""{Abstract Art:3},{Abstract Expressionism:11},{Cloisonnism:4},{Cubism:22},{Divisionism:1},{Expressionism:101},{Impressionism:31},{Kitsch:1},{Metaphysical art:1},{Naïve Art (Primitivism):4},{Neoclassicism:7},{Op Art:3},{Pointillism:6},{Post-Impressionism:58},{Realism:26},{Surrealism:775},{Symbolism:116},{Unknown:8}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Surrealism:1161},{Modern art:1}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": ""Giorgio de Chirico,Arnold Böcklin,Pablo Picasso,Joan Miro,Yves Tanguy,Max Ernst,Jean-Francois Millet,Dada,High Renaissance,"", ""influenced_on_raw"": ""Max Ernst,Jackson Pollock,Mark Rothko,Surrealism,Abstract Expressionism,Pop Art,Performance Art,Conceptual Art,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 1178}","portraits/thumbs/Salvador_Dal__thumb.jpg"
91,"Theophanes the Greek",1340,1410,2,"portraits/Theophanes_the_Greek.gif","Theophanes the Greek (Russian: Феофан Грек, romanized: Feofan Grek; Greek: Θεοφάνης; c. 1330/1340 – c.","Theophanes the Greek (Russian: Феофан Грек, romanized: Feofan Grek; Greek: Θεοφάνης; c. 1330/1340 – c. 1410) was a Byzantine Greek artist, active mainly in Russia.
He greatly influenced the style of painting in Novgorod and Moscow in the 15th century. He is also known as being the teacher and mentor of Andrei Rublev, the greatest Russian icon painter of his time.","Theophanes the Greek",1300,False,False,NULL,"portraits/thumbs/Theophanes_the_Greek_thumb.jpg"
2,"Alexander Rodchenko",1891,1956,22,"portraits/Alexander_Rodchenko.jpg","S. 23 November] 1891 – 3 December 1956) was a Russian and Soviet artist, sculptor, photographer, and graphic designer.","Aleksander Mikhailovich Rodchenko (Russian: Александр Михайлович Родченко; 5 December [O.S. 23 November] 1891 – 3 December 1956) was a Russian and Soviet artist, sculptor, photographer, and graphic designer. He was one of the founders of constructivism and Russian design; he was married to the artist Varvara Stepanova.
Rodchenko was one of the most versatile constructivist and productivist artists to emerge after the Russian Revolution. He worked as a painter and graphic designer before turning to photomontage and photography. His photography was socially engaged, formally innovative, and opposed to a painterly aesthetic. Concerned with the need for analytical-documentary photo series, he often shot his subjects from odd angles—usually high above or down below—to shock the viewer and to postpone recognition. He wrote: ""One has to take several different shots of a subject, from different points of view and in different situations, as if one examined it in the round rather than looked through the same key-hole again and again.""
He is also known for developing the early corporate identity of the airline Dobrolyot, later Aeroflot, and designed its ""Winged Hammer and Sickle"" logo.","Alexander Rodchenko",1800,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Abstract Art, Constructivism, Cubo-Futurism, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""Avant-garde"", ""last_year"": 1915, ""birth_year"": 1891, ""death_year"": 1956, ""first_year"": 1915, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Saint Petersburg"", ""citizenship"": ""Soviet Union"", ""death_place"": ""Moscow"", ""nationality"": ""Russian"", ""occupations"": ""photographer, architect, graphic designer, painter, typographer, sculptor, graphic artist, visual artist, designer"", ""teachers_raw"": null, ""painting_school"": ""Oktyabr (October),LEF (Left Front of the Arts)"", ""styles_extended"": ""{Abstract Art:5},{Constructivism:53},{Cubo-Futurism:2},{Unknown:26}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Constructivism:24}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": ""И это стоит столетья,Artists2/Alexander Rodchenko/Cover Of Book About That 1923.jpg,Маяковский улыбается, смеется, издевается,Рекламный плакат для Резинотреста,Лёт. Авиа-стихи.,Рекламный плакат для Моссельпрома,Artists2/Alexander Rodchenko/Arvatov About Mayakovsky 1923.jpg,Artists2/Alexander Rodchenko/Dobroliot Fly Well 1923.jpg,Artists2/Alexander Rodchenko/Watches 1923.jpg,Artists2/Alexander Rodchenko/About That 1923.jpg,24 x 20 cm,Artists2/Alexander Rodchenko/Nonsense 1921.jpg,Artists2/Alexander Rodchenko/Abstraction Rupture 1920.jpg,160 x 129 cm,Беспредметная композиция № 65,53 x 21 cm,Композиция,Artists2/Alexander Rodchenko/Objectless Composition 65 Still Life 1918.jpg,Белый круг,90 x 62 cm,40.2 x 35.5 cm,Конструкция,78 x 50.8 cm,"", ""influenced_on_raw"": null, ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 86}","portraits/thumbs/Alexander_Rodchenko_thumb.jpg"
6,"Andrei Rublev",1360,1430,2,"portraits/Andrei_Rublev.jpg","Andrei Rublev (Russian: Андрей Рублёв, romanized: Andrey Rublyov, IPA: [ɐnˈdrʲej rʊˈblʲɵf] ; c. 1360 – c.","Andrei Rublev (Russian: Андрей Рублёв, romanized: Andrey Rublyov, IPA: [ɐnˈdrʲej rʊˈblʲɵf] ; c. 1360 – c. 1430) was a Russian artist considered to be one of the greatest medieval Russian painters of Orthodox Christian icons and frescoes. He is revered as a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church, and his feast day is 29 January.","Andrei Rublev",1300,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Moscow school of icon painting, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""Byzantine Art"", ""last_year"": 1427, ""birth_year"": 1360, ""death_year"": 1430, ""first_year"": 1411, ""pupils_raw"": ""Paintings for Annunciation Cathedral in the Moscow Kremlin,Khitrovo Gospels,"", ""birth_place"": ""Grand Principality of Moscow"", ""citizenship"": ""Grand Principality of Moscow"", ""death_place"": ""Andronikov Monastery"", ""nationality"": ""Russians"", ""occupations"": ""iconographer, painter, illuminator"", ""teachers_raw"": null, ""painting_school"": null, ""styles_extended"": ""{Moscow school of icon painting:55},{Unknown:2}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Byzantine Art:58}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": ""Christianity,Annunciation,St.-Matthew,St. Luke,St. Mark,Christianity,Jesus-Christ,Christianity,saints-and-apostles,Jesus-Christ,Nativity,Virgin-Mary,Christianity,saints-and-apostles,St. Mark,Khitrovo-Gospels,Christianity,saints-and-apostles,Khitrovo-Gospels,Christianity,saints-and-apostles,St. Luke,Khitrovo-Gospels,Christianity,saints-and-apostles,St.-Matthew,angels-and-archangels,Khitrovo-Gospels,Christianity,saints-and-apostles,St.-Matthew,Khitrovo-Gospels,Christianity,arts-and-crafts,saints-and-apostles,St. Luke,Khitrovo-Gospels,"", ""influenced_on_raw"": ""Trinity Cathedral (Trinity Lavra of St.Sergius), Sergiyev Posad, Russia,Cathedral of the Annunciation (Moscow Kremlin), Moscow, Russia,Russian State Library, Moscow, Russia,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 57}","portraits/thumbs/Andrei_Rublev_thumb.jpg"
10,"Arnold Böcklin",1827,1901,15,"portraits/Arnold_B_cklin.jpg","Arnold Böcklin ([ˈaʁnɔlt ˈbœklin]; 16 October 1827 – 16 January 1901) was a Swiss Symbolist painter.  His five versions of the Isle of the Dead inspired works by several late Romantic composers.","Arnold Böcklin ([ˈaʁnɔlt ˈbœklin]; 16 October 1827 – 16 January 1901) was a Swiss Symbolist painter.  His five versions of the Isle of the Dead inspired works by several late Romantic composers.","Arnold Böcklin",1800,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Romanticism, Symbolism, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""Symbolism"", ""last_year"": 1898, ""birth_year"": 1827, ""death_year"": 1901, ""first_year"": 1846, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Basel"", ""citizenship"": ""Switzerland"", ""death_place"": ""Fiesole"", ""nationality"": ""Swiss"", ""occupations"": ""painter, sculptor, university teacher, drawer"", ""teachers_raw"": null, ""painting_school"": null, ""styles_extended"": ""{Romanticism:20},{Symbolism:102},{Unknown:2}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Symbolism:124},{Modern art:1}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": ""Caspar David Friedrich,Romanticism,"", ""influenced_on_raw"": ""Giorgio de Chirico,Max Ernst,Salvador Dali,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 124}","portraits/thumbs/Arnold_B_cklin_thumb.jpg"
9,"Apelles",-400,-320,1,"portraits/Apelles.jpg","Apelles of Kos (; Ancient Greek: Ἀπελλῆς; fl. 4th century BC) was a renowned painter of ancient Greece.","Apelles of Kos (; Ancient Greek: Ἀπελλῆς; fl. 4th century BC) was a renowned painter of ancient Greece. Pliny the Elder, to whom much of modern scholars' knowledge of this artist is owed (Naturalis Historia 35.36.79–97 and passim), rated him superior to preceding and subsequent artists. He dated Apelles to the 112th Olympiad (332–329 BC), possibly because he had produced a portrait of Alexander the Great.","Apelles",-400,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": null, ""movement"": ""{Classical Period (480 - 323 BC),Hellenistic Period (323-31 BC):8}"", ""last_year"": null, ""birth_year"": 369, ""death_year"": 305, ""first_year"": null, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Colophon"", ""citizenship"": null, ""death_place"": ""Kos"", ""nationality"": ""Greek"", ""occupations"": ""['writer', 'painter']"", ""teachers_raw"": null, ""painting_school"": ""Heptanese (Ionian) School,Sicyonian school"", ""styles_extended"": null, ""art500k_movements"": null, ""influenced_by_raw"": null, ""influenced_on_raw"": null, ""wikiart_pictures_count"": null}","portraits/thumbs/Apelles_thumb.jpg"
8,"Angelica Kauffman",1741,1807,10,"portraits/Angelica_Kauffman.jpg","Maria Anna Angelika Kauffmann ( KOWF-mən; 30 October 1741 – 5 November 1807), usually known in English as Angelica Kauffman, was a Swiss painter who had a successful career in London and Rome. Remembered primarily as a history painter, Kauffman was a skilled portraitist, landscape and decoration painter.","Maria Anna Angelika Kauffmann ( KOWF-mən; 30 October 1741 – 5 November 1807), usually known in English as Angelica Kauffman, was a Swiss painter who had a successful career in London and Rome. Remembered primarily as a history painter, Kauffman was a skilled portraitist, landscape and decoration painter. She was, along with Mary Moser, one of two female painters among the founding members of the Royal Academy of Art in London in 1768.","Angelica Kauffman",1700,False,False,"{""gender"": ""female"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Neoclassicism, Rococo, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""Rococo"", ""last_year"": 1798, ""birth_year"": 1741, ""death_year"": 1807, ""first_year"": 1763, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Chur"", ""citizenship"": ""Switzerland"", ""death_place"": ""Rome"", ""nationality"": ""Austrian"", ""occupations"": ""artist, painter, printmaker"", ""teachers_raw"": null, ""painting_school"": null, ""styles_extended"": ""{Neoclassicism:50},{Rococo:30},{Unknown:1}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Neoclassicism:57}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": null, ""influenced_on_raw"": null, ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 81}","portraits/thumbs/Angelica_Kauffman_thumb.jpg"
95,"Vladimir Tatlin",1885,1953,22,"portraits/Vladimir_Tatlin.jpg","S. 16 December] 1885 – 31 May 1953) was a Russian and Soviet painter, architect, and stage-designer.","Vladimir Yevgrafovich Tatlin (28 December [O.S. 16 December] 1885 – 31 May 1953) was a Russian and Soviet painter, architect, and stage-designer. Tatlin achieved fame as the architect who designed The Monument to the Third International, more commonly known as Tatlin's Tower, which he began in 1919. With Kazimir Malevich he was one of the two most important figures in the Soviet avant-garde art movement of the 1920s, and he later became an important artist in the constructivist movement.","Vladimir Tatlin",1800,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Abstract Art, Constructivism, Cubism, Expressionism, Post-Impressionism, Realism, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""Abstract Art"", ""last_year"": 1950, ""birth_year"": 1885, ""death_year"": 1953, ""first_year"": 1910, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Kharkiv"", ""citizenship"": ""Soviet Union"", ""death_place"": ""Moscow"", ""nationality"": ""Russian,Ukrainian"", ""occupations"": ""architect, illustrator, painter, sculptor, university teacher, scenographer, designer, printmaker, architectural draftsperson, collagist, assemblage artist"", ""teachers_raw"": null, ""painting_school"": null, ""styles_extended"": ""{Abstract Art:3},{Constructivism:7},{Cubism:6},{Expressionism:2},{Post-Impressionism:5},{Realism:1},{Unknown:1}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Constructivism:25}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": null, ""influenced_on_raw"": null, ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 25}","portraits/thumbs/Vladimir_Tatlin_thumb.jpg"
17,"Cimabue",1240,1302,2,"portraits/Cimabue.jpg","Giovanni Cimabue ( CHEE-mə-BOO-ay, Italian: [tʃimaˈbuːe]; c. 1240 – 1302), also known as Cenni di Pepo or Cenni di Pepi, was an Italian painter and designer of mosaics from Florence.","Giovanni Cimabue ( CHEE-mə-BOO-ay, Italian: [tʃimaˈbuːe]; c. 1240 – 1302), also known as Cenni di Pepo or Cenni di Pepi, was an Italian painter and designer of mosaics from Florence.
Although heavily influenced by Byzantine models, Cimabue is generally regarded as one of the first great Italian painters to break from the Italo-Byzantine style. Compared with the norms of medieval art, his works have more lifelike figural proportions and a more sophisticated use of shading to suggest volume. According to Italian painter and historian Giorgio Vasari, Cimabue was the teacher of Giotto, the first great artist of the Italian Proto-Renaissance. However, many scholars today tend to discount Vasari's claim by citing earlier sources that suggest otherwise.","Cimabue",1200,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Byzantine"", ""movement"": ""Proto Renaissance"", ""last_year"": 1295, ""birth_year"": 1240, ""death_year"": 1302, ""first_year"": 1270, ""pupils_raw"": ""Giotto,"", ""birth_place"": ""Florence"", ""citizenship"": ""Republic of Florence"", ""death_place"": ""Pisa"", ""nationality"": ""Italian"", ""occupations"": ""painter"", ""teachers_raw"": null, ""painting_school"": ""Florentine School"", ""styles_extended"": ""{Byzantine:18}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Gothic art:1},{Proto Renaissance:18}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": null, ""influenced_on_raw"": null, ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 18}","portraits/thumbs/Cimabue_thumb.jpg"
22,"Duccio",1255,1319,3,"portraits/Duccio.jpg","Duccio di Buoninsegna (UK:  DOO-chee-oh, Italian: [ˈduttʃo di ˌbwɔninˈseɲɲa]; c. 1255/1260 – c.","Duccio di Buoninsegna (UK:  DOO-chee-oh, Italian: [ˈduttʃo di ˌbwɔninˈseɲɲa]; c. 1255/1260 – c. 1318/1319), commonly known as just Duccio, was an Italian painter active in Siena, Tuscany, in the late 13th and early 14th century. He was hired throughout his life to complete many important works in government and religious buildings around Italy. Duccio is considered one of the greatest Italian painters of the Middle Ages, and is credited with creating the painting styles of Trecento Gothic style and the Sienese school.","Duccio",1200,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Proto Renaissance"", ""movement"": ""Proto Renaissance"", ""last_year"": 1318, ""birth_year"": 1255, ""death_year"": 1319, ""first_year"": 1280, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Siena"", ""citizenship"": ""Italy"", ""death_place"": ""Siena"", ""nationality"": ""Italian"", ""occupations"": ""painter"", ""teachers_raw"": null, ""painting_school"": ""Sienese School"", ""styles_extended"": ""{Proto Renaissance:135}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Proto Renaissance:135}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": null, ""influenced_on_raw"": ""Ambrogio Lorenzetti,Pietro Lorenzetti,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 135}","portraits/thumbs/Duccio_thumb.jpg"
21,"Domenico Ghirlandaio",1448,1494,4,"portraits/Domenico_Ghirlandaio.jpg","Domenico di Tommaso Curradi di Doffo Bigordi (2 June 1448 – 11 January 1494), professionally known as Domenico Ghirlandaio (also spelt as Ghirlandajo), was an Italian Renaissance painter born in Florence. Ghirlandaio was part of the so-called ""third generation"" of the Florentine Renaissance, along with Verrocchio, the Pollaiolo brothers and Sandro Botticelli.","Domenico di Tommaso Curradi di Doffo Bigordi (2 June 1448 – 11 January 1494), professionally known as Domenico Ghirlandaio (also spelt as Ghirlandajo), was an Italian Renaissance painter born in Florence. Ghirlandaio was part of the so-called ""third generation"" of the Florentine Renaissance, along with Verrocchio, the Pollaiolo brothers and Sandro Botticelli. 
Ghirlandaio led a large and efficient workshop that included his brothers  Davide Ghirlandaio and Benedetto Ghirlandaio, his brother-in-law Bastiano Mainardi from San Gimignano, and later his son Ridolfo Ghirlandaio. Many apprentices passed through Ghirlandaio's workshop, including Michelangelo. 
His particular talent lay in his ability to posit depictions of contemporary life and portraits of contemporary people within the context of religious narratives, bringing him great popularity and many large commissions.","Domenico Ghirlandaio",1400,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Early Renaissance, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""Early Renaissance"", ""last_year"": 1494, ""birth_year"": 1448, ""death_year"": 1494, ""first_year"": 1470, ""pupils_raw"": ""Michelangelo,"", ""birth_place"": ""Florence"", ""citizenship"": ""Republic of Florence"", ""death_place"": ""Florence"", ""nationality"": ""Italian"", ""occupations"": ""painter"", ""teachers_raw"": ""Andrea del Verrochio,"", ""painting_school"": ""Florentine School"", ""styles_extended"": ""{Early Renaissance:104},{Unknown:4}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Early Renaissance:108}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": ""Hugo van der Goes,"", ""influenced_on_raw"": null, ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 108}","portraits/thumbs/Domenico_Ghirlandaio_thumb.jpg"
14,"Camille Pissarro",1830,1903,13,"portraits/Camille_Pissarro.jpg","Jacob Abraham Camille Pissarro ( piss-AR-oh; French: [kamij pisaʁo]; 10 July 1830 – 13 November 1903) was a Danish-French Impressionist and Neo-Impressionist painter born on the island of Saint Thomas (now in the US Virgin Islands, but then in the Danish West Indies). His importance resides in his contributions to both Impressionism and Post-Impressionism.","Jacob Abraham Camille Pissarro ( piss-AR-oh; French: [kamij pisaʁo]; 10 July 1830 – 13 November 1903) was a Danish-French Impressionist and Neo-Impressionist painter born on the island of Saint Thomas (now in the US Virgin Islands, but then in the Danish West Indies). His importance resides in his contributions to both Impressionism and Post-Impressionism. Pissarro studied from great forerunners, including Gustave Courbet and Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot. He later studied and worked alongside Georges Seurat and Paul Signac when he took on the Neo-Impressionist style at the age of 54.
In 1873 he helped establish a collective society of fifteen aspiring artists, becoming the ""pivotal"" figure in holding the group together and encouraging the other members. Art historian John Rewald called Pissarro the ""dean of the Impressionist painters"", not only because he was the oldest of the group, but also ""by virtue of his wisdom and his balanced, kind, and warmhearted personality"". Paul Cézanne said ""he was a father for me. A man to consult and a little like the good Lord"", and he was also one of Paul Gauguin's masters. Pierre-Auguste Renoir referred to his work as ""revolutionary"", through his artistic portrayals of the ""common man"", as Pissarro insisted on painting individuals in natural settings without ""artifice or grandeur"".
Pissarro is the only artist to have shown his work at all eight Paris Impressionist exhibitions, from 1874 to 1886. He ""acted as a father figure not only to the Impressionists"" but to all four of the major Post-Impressionists, Cézanne, Seurat, Gauguin, and Van Gogh.","Camille Pissarro",1800,True,True,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Impressionism, Neo-Impressionism, Realism, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""Impressionism"", ""last_year"": 1903, ""birth_year"": 1830, ""death_year"": 1903, ""first_year"": 1830, ""pupils_raw"": ""Paul Gauguin,"", ""birth_place"": ""Charlotte Amalie"", ""citizenship"": ""France"", ""death_place"": ""Paris"", ""nationality"": ""French,Jewish"", ""occupations"": ""pastellist, lithographer, architectural draftsperson, printmaker, graphic artist, painter"", ""teachers_raw"": ""Camille Corot,"", ""painting_school"": null, ""styles_extended"": ""{Impressionism:788},{Neo-Impressionism:40},{Realism:56},{Unknown:5}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Impressionism,Post-Impressionism:890}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": null, ""influenced_on_raw"": ""Paul Gauguin,Pierre-Auguste Renoir,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 889}","portraits/thumbs/Camille_Pissarro_thumb.jpg"
24,"Édouard Manet",1832,1883,12,"portraits/_douard_Manet.jpg","Édouard Manet (UK: , US: ; French: [edwaʁ manɛ]; 23 January 1832 – 30 April 1883) was a French modernist painter. He was one of the first 19th-century artists to paint modern life, as well as a pivotal figure in the transition from Realism to Impressionism.","Édouard Manet (UK: , US: ; French: [edwaʁ manɛ]; 23 January 1832 – 30 April 1883) was a French modernist painter. He was one of the first 19th-century artists to paint modern life, as well as a pivotal figure in the transition from Realism to Impressionism.
Born into an upper-class household with strong political connections, Manet rejected the naval career originally envisioned for him; he became engrossed in the world of painting. His early masterworks, The Luncheon on the Grass (French: Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe) and Olympia, premiering in 1863 and '65, respectively, caused great controversy with both critics and the Academy of Fine Arts, but soon were praised by progressive artists as the breakthrough acts to the new style, Impressionism. These works, along with others, are considered watershed paintings that mark the start of modern art. The last 20 years of Manet's life saw him form bonds with other great artists of the time; he developed his own simple and direct style that would be heralded as innovative and serve as a major influence for future painters.","Édouard Manet",1800,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Impressionism, Realism, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""Realism"", ""last_year"": 1882, ""birth_year"": 1832, ""death_year"": 1883, ""first_year"": 1858, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""former 10th arrondissement of Paris"", ""citizenship"": ""France"", ""death_place"": ""8th arrondissement of Paris"", ""nationality"": null, ""occupations"": ""lithographer, drawer, architectural draftsperson, painter, illustrator"", ""teachers_raw"": null, ""painting_school"": null, ""styles_extended"": ""{Impressionism:106},{Realism:102},{Unknown:27}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Modern art:1},{Impressionism:1},{Realism,Impressionism:232}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": ""Gustave Courbet,El Greco,Caravaggio,Eugene Delacroix,"", ""influenced_on_raw"": ""Edward Hopper,Ilya Repin,Paul Gauguin,Edgar Degas,Pierre-Auguste Renoir,Louise Abbéma,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 235}","portraits/thumbs/_douard_Manet_thumb.jpg"
28,"Eugène Delacroix",1798,1863,11,"portraits/Eug_ne_Delacroix.jpg","Ferdinand Victor Eugène Delacroix ( DEL-ə-krwah, -⁠KRWAH; French: [øʒɛn dəlakʁwa]; 26 April 1798 – 13 August 1863) was a French Romantic artist who was regarded as the leader of the French Romantic school.
In contrast to the Neoclassical perfectionism of his chief rival Ingres, Delacroix took for his inspiration the art of Rubens and painters of the Venetian Renaissance, with an attendant emphasis on colour and movement rather than clarity of outline and carefully modelled form.","Ferdinand Victor Eugène Delacroix ( DEL-ə-krwah, -⁠KRWAH; French: [øʒɛn dəlakʁwa]; 26 April 1798 – 13 August 1863) was a French Romantic artist who was regarded as the leader of the French Romantic school.
In contrast to the Neoclassical perfectionism of his chief rival Ingres, Delacroix took for his inspiration the art of Rubens and painters of the Venetian Renaissance, with an attendant emphasis on colour and movement rather than clarity of outline and carefully modelled form. Dramatic and romantic content characterized the central themes of his maturity, and led him not to the classical models of Greek and Roman art, but to travel in North Africa in search of the exotic. Friend and spiritual heir to Théodore Géricault, Delacroix was also inspired by Lord Byron, with whom he shared a strong identification with the ""forces of the sublime"" of nature in often violent action.
However, Delacroix was given to neither sentimentality nor bombast, and his Romanticism was that of an individualist. In the words of Baudelaire, ""Delacroix was passionately in love with passion, but coldly determined to express passion as clearly as possible."" Together with Ingres, Delacroix is considered one of the last old Masters of painting and is one of the few who was ever photographed.
As a painter and muralist, Delacroix's use of expressive brushstrokes and his study of the optical effects of colour profoundly shaped the work of the Impressionists, while his passion for the exotic inspired the artists of the Symbolist movement. A fine lithographer, Delacroix illustrated various works of William Shakespeare, the Scottish author Walter Scott, and the German author Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.","Eugène Delacroix",1700,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Orientalism, Romanticism, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""Romanticism"", ""last_year"": 1863, ""birth_year"": 1798, ""death_year"": 1863, ""first_year"": 1820, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Saint-Maurice"", ""citizenship"": ""France"", ""death_place"": ""Paris"", ""nationality"": ""French"", ""occupations"": ""pastellist, diarist, lithographer, drawer, architectural draftsperson, muralist, painter, photographer"", ""teachers_raw"": ""Pierre-Narcisse Guerin,"", ""painting_school"": null, ""styles_extended"": ""{Orientalism:67},{Romanticism:158},{Unknown:11}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Romanticism:226}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": ""El Greco,Caravaggio,John Constable,Théodore Géricault,Peter Paul Rubens,Venetian School,Richard Parkes Bonington,Paolo Veronese,Tintoretto,Antoine-Jean Gros,"", ""influenced_on_raw"": ""Paul Gauguin,Edgar Degas,Pierre-Auguste Renoir,Edouard Manet,Impressionism,Camille Corot,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 236}","portraits/thumbs/Eug_ne_Delacroix_thumb.jpg"
1,"Albrecht Dürer",1471,1528,5,"portraits/Albrecht_D_rer.jpg","Albrecht Dürer ( DURE-ər, German: [ˈalbʁɛçt ˈdyːʁɐ]; 21 May 1471 – 6 April 1528), sometimes spelled in English as Durer or Duerer, was a German painter, printmaker, and theorist of the German Renaissance. Born in Nuremberg, Dürer established his reputation and influence across Europe in his twenties due to his high-quality woodcut prints.","Albrecht Dürer ( DURE-ər, German: [ˈalbʁɛçt ˈdyːʁɐ]; 21 May 1471 – 6 April 1528), sometimes spelled in English as Durer or Duerer, was a German painter, printmaker, and theorist of the German Renaissance. Born in Nuremberg, Dürer established his reputation and influence across Europe in his twenties due to his high-quality woodcut prints. He was in contact with the major Italian artists of his time, including Raphael, Giovanni Bellini and Leonardo da Vinci, and from 1512 was patronized by Emperor Maximilian I.
Dürer's vast body of work includes engravings, his preferred technique in his later prints, altarpieces, portraits and self-portraits, watercolours and books. The woodcuts series are stylistically more Gothic than the rest of his work, but revolutionised the potential of that medium, while his extraordinary handling of the burin expanded especially the tonal range of his engravings.
Dürer's introduction of classical motifs and of the nude into Northern art, through his knowledge of Italian artists and German humanists, has secured his reputation as one of the most important figures of the Northern Renaissance. This is reinforced by his theoretical treatises, which involve principles of mathematics for linear perspective and body proportions.","Albrecht Dürer",1400,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Northern Renaissance, Renaissance, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""Northern Renaissance"", ""last_year"": 1588, ""birth_year"": 1471, ""death_year"": 1528, ""first_year"": 1481, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Nuremberg"", ""citizenship"": ""Duchy of Bavaria"", ""death_place"": ""Nuremberg"", ""nationality"": ""German"", ""occupations"": ""exlibrist, art theorist, drawer, copperplate engraver, printmaker, painter, illuminator, illustrator, mathematician"", ""teachers_raw"": ""Martin Schongauer,"", ""painting_school"": ""German School"", ""styles_extended"": ""{Northern Renaissance:815},{Renaissance:1},{Unknown:28}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Northern Renaissance:856},{German Renaissance:11},{Renaissance:15}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": ""Andrea Mantegna,Rogier van der Weyden,"", ""influenced_on_raw"": ""Raphael,Titian,Parmigianino,Jacopo Bassano,Bartolomeo Veneto,Francisco Goya,Wilhelm von Kaulbach,Hans Hoffmann,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 844}","portraits/thumbs/Albrecht_D_rer_thumb.jpg"
26,"El Greco",1541,1614,7,"portraits/El_Greco.jpg","Doménikos Theotokópoulos (Greek: Δομήνικος Θεοτοκόπουλος, pronounced [ðoˈminikos θeotoˈkopulos]; 1 October 1541 –  7 April 1614), most widely known as El Greco (Spanish pronunciation: [el ˈɣɾeko]; ""The Greek""), was a Greek painter, sculptor and architect of the Spanish Renaissance, regarded as one of the greatest artists of all time. El Greco was a nickname, and the artist normally signed his paintings with his full birth name in Greek letters often adding the word Κρής (Krḗs), which means ""Cretan"" in Ancient Greek.","Doménikos Theotokópoulos (Greek: Δομήνικος Θεοτοκόπουλος, pronounced [ðoˈminikos θeotoˈkopulos]; 1 October 1541 –  7 April 1614), most widely known as El Greco (Spanish pronunciation: [el ˈɣɾeko]; ""The Greek""), was a Greek painter, sculptor and architect of the Spanish Renaissance, regarded as one of the greatest artists of all time. El Greco was a nickname, and the artist normally signed his paintings with his full birth name in Greek letters often adding the word Κρής (Krḗs), which means ""Cretan"" in Ancient Greek.
El Greco was born in the Kingdom of Candia (modern Crete), which was at that time part of the Republic of Venice, and the center of Post-Byzantine art. He trained and became a master within that tradition before traveling at age 26 to Venice, as other Greek artists had done. In 1570, he moved to Rome, where he opened a workshop and executed a series of works. During his stay in Italy, El Greco enriched his style with elements of Mannerism and of the Venetian Renaissance taken from a number of great artists of the time, notably Tintoretto and Titian. In 1577, he moved to Toledo, Spain, where he lived and worked until his death. In Toledo, El Greco received several major commissions and produced his best-known paintings, such as View of Toledo and Opening of the Fifth Seal.
El Greco's dramatic and expressionistic style was met with puzzlement by his contemporaries but found appreciation by the 20th century. El Greco is regarded as a precursor of both Expressionism and Cubism, while his personality and works were a source of inspiration for poets and writers such as Rainer Maria Rilke and Nikos Kazantzakis. El Greco has been characterized by modern scholars as an artist so individual that he belongs to no conventional school. He is best known for tortuously elongated figures and often fantastic or phantasmagorical pigmentation, marrying Byzantine traditions with those of Western painting.","El Greco",1500,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": null, ""movement"": ""{Spanish Renaissance:1},{Renaissance:2},{Mannerism:1},{Mannerism (Late Renaissance):170}"", ""last_year"": 1614, ""birth_year"": 1541, ""death_year"": 1614, ""first_year"": 1568, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Heraklion"", ""citizenship"": ""Republic of Venice"", ""death_place"": ""Toledo"", ""nationality"": ""Spanish,Greek"", ""occupations"": ""['architect', 'painter', 'sculptor', 'architectural draftsperson']"", ""teachers_raw"": ""Titian,"", ""painting_school"": ""Cretan School"", ""styles_extended"": null, ""art500k_movements"": null, ""influenced_by_raw"": ""Byzantine Art,"", ""influenced_on_raw"": ""Expressionism,Cubism,Eugene Delacroix,Edouard Manet,Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider),Paul Cezanne,Pablo Picasso,Franz Marc,Jackson Pollock,Roberto Montenegro,Jose Clemente Orozco,Francisco Pacheco,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": null}","portraits/thumbs/El_Greco_thumb.jpg"
33,"Georges Braque",1882,1963,19,"portraits/Georges_Braque.jpg","Georges Braque ( BRA(H)K; French: [ʒɔʁʒ bʁak]; 13 May 1882 – 31 August 1963) was a major 20th-century French painter, collagist, draughtsman, printmaker and sculptor. His most notable contributions were in his alliance with Fauvism from 1905, and the role he played in the development of Cubism.","Georges Braque ( BRA(H)K; French: [ʒɔʁʒ bʁak]; 13 May 1882 – 31 August 1963) was a major 20th-century French painter, collagist, draughtsman, printmaker and sculptor. His most notable contributions were in his alliance with Fauvism from 1905, and the role he played in the development of Cubism. Braque's work between 1908 and 1912 is closely associated with that of his colleague Pablo Picasso. Their respective Cubist works were indistinguishable for many years, yet the quiet nature of Braque was partially eclipsed by the fame and notoriety of Picasso.","Georges Braque",1800,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Analytical Cubism, Cubism, Expressionism, Fauvism, Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, Surrealism, Synthetic Cubism"", ""movement"": ""Cubism"", ""last_year"": 1938, ""birth_year"": 1882, ""death_year"": 1963, ""first_year"": 1906, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Argenteuil"", ""citizenship"": ""France"", ""death_place"": ""Paris"", ""nationality"": ""French"", ""occupations"": ""engraver, painter, sculptor, graphic artist, jewelry designer, scenographer, designer, printmaker, architectural draftsperson, drawer, lithographer, collagist"", ""teachers_raw"": null, ""painting_school"": ""École de Paris,Les Fauves"", ""styles_extended"": ""{Analytical Cubism:38},{Cubism:32},{Expressionism:95},{Fauvism:24},{Impressionism:1},{Post-Impressionism:3},{Surrealism:6},{Synthetic Cubism:45}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Cubism:243}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": ""Nicolas Poussin,"", ""influenced_on_raw"": ""David Alfaro Siqueiros,Vilhelm Lundstrom,Mikhail Larionov,Carlos Nadal,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 244}","portraits/thumbs/Georges_Braque_thumb.jpg"
67,"Maurice de Vlaminck",1876,1958,17,"portraits/Maurice_de_Vlaminck.jpg","Maurice de Vlaminck (French: [vlamɛ̃k]; 4 April 1876 – 11 October 1958) was a French painter. Along with André Derain and Henri Matisse, he is considered one of the principal figures in the Fauve movement, a group of modern artists who from 1904 to 1908 were united in their use of intense colour.","Maurice de Vlaminck (French: [vlamɛ̃k]; 4 April 1876 – 11 October 1958) was a French painter. Along with André Derain and Henri Matisse, he is considered one of the principal figures in the Fauve movement, a group of modern artists who from 1904 to 1908 were united in their use of intense colour. Vlaminck was one of the Fauves at the controversial Salon d'Automne exhibition of 1905.","Maurice de Vlaminck",1800,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Cubism, Fauvism, Neo-Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""Post-Impressionism"", ""last_year"": 1958, ""birth_year"": 1876, ""death_year"": 1958, ""first_year"": 1900, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Paris"", ""citizenship"": ""France"", ""death_place"": ""Rueil-la-Gadelière"", ""nationality"": ""French"", ""occupations"": ""drawer, printmaker, ceramicist, sculptor, painter, poet, writer"", ""teachers_raw"": null, ""painting_school"": ""Les Fauves"", ""styles_extended"": ""{Cubism:6},{Fauvism:15},{Neo-Impressionism:14},{Post-Impressionism:39},{Unknown:1}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Fauvism:1},{Modern art:1},{Post-Impressionism:74}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": null, ""influenced_on_raw"": ""Guan Zilan,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 75}","portraits/thumbs/Maurice_de_Vlaminck_thumb.jpg"
37,"Giorgio de Chirico",1888,1978,24,"portraits/Giorgio_de_Chirico.jpg","Giuseppe Maria Alberto Giorgio de Chirico ( KIRR-ik-oh; Italian: [ˈdʒordʒo de ˈkiːriko]; 10 July 1888 – 20 November 1978) was a Greek-Italian artist and writer born in Volos, Greece. In the years before World War I, he founded the scuola metafisica art movement, which profoundly influenced the surrealists.","Giuseppe Maria Alberto Giorgio de Chirico ( KIRR-ik-oh; Italian: [ˈdʒordʒo de ˈkiːriko]; 10 July 1888 – 20 November 1978) was a Greek-Italian artist and writer born in Volos, Greece. In the years before World War I, he founded the scuola metafisica art movement, which profoundly influenced the surrealists. His best-known works often feature Roman arcades, long shadows, mannequins, trains, and illogical perspective. His imagery reflects his affinity for the philosophy of Arthur Schopenhauer and of Friedrich Nietzsche, and for the mythology of his birthplace.
After 1919, de Chirico became a critic of modern art, studied traditional painting techniques, and later worked in a neoclassical or neo-Baroque style, while frequently revisiting the metaphysical themes of his earlier work.","Giorgio de Chirico",1900,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Metaphysical art, Neo-baroque, Surrealism, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""Metaphysical art"", ""last_year"": 2006, ""birth_year"": 1888, ""death_year"": 1978, ""first_year"": 1908, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Volos"", ""citizenship"": ""Italy"", ""death_place"": ""Rome"", ""nationality"": ""Italian"", ""occupations"": ""drawer"", ""teachers_raw"": null, ""painting_school"": null, ""styles_extended"": ""{Metaphysical art:96},{Neo-baroque:100},{Surrealism:1},{Unknown:1}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Surrealism,Metaphysical art:197}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": ""Raphael,Arnold Böcklin,Alfred Kubin,Max Klinger,"", ""influenced_on_raw"": ""Salvador Dali,Rene Magritte,Carlo Carra,Metaphysical art,Surrealism,Lettrism,Yves Tanguy,George Ault,Giorgio Morandi,Neo Rauch,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 198}","portraits/thumbs/Giorgio_de_Chirico_thumb.jpg"
53,"Jean-Antoine Watteau",1684,1721,9,"portraits/Jean-Antoine_Watteau.jpg","Jean-Antoine Watteau (UK: , US: , French: [ʒɑ̃ ɑ̃twan vato]; baptised 10 October 1684 – died 18 July 1721) was a French painter and draughtsman whose brief career spurred the revival of interest in colour and movement, as seen in the tradition of Correggio and Rubens. He revitalized the waning Baroque style, shifting it to the less severe, more naturalistic, less formally classical, Rococo.","Jean-Antoine Watteau (UK: , US: , French: [ʒɑ̃ ɑ̃twan vato]; baptised 10 October 1684 – died 18 July 1721) was a French painter and draughtsman whose brief career spurred the revival of interest in colour and movement, as seen in the tradition of Correggio and Rubens. He revitalized the waning Baroque style, shifting it to the less severe, more naturalistic, less formally classical, Rococo. Watteau is credited with inventing the genre of fêtes galantes, scenes of bucolic and idyllic charm, suffused with a theatrical air. Some of his best known subjects were drawn from the world of Italian comedy and ballet.","Antoine Watteau",1600,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": null, ""movement"": null, ""last_year"": null, ""birth_year"": 1684, ""death_year"": 1721, ""first_year"": null, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Valenciennes"", ""citizenship"": ""France"", ""death_place"": ""Nogent-sur-Marne"", ""nationality"": null, ""occupations"": ""['artist', 'painter', 'graphic artist', 'printmaker', 'architectural draftsperson', 'drawer']"", ""teachers_raw"": null, ""painting_school"": null, ""styles_extended"": null, ""art500k_movements"": null, ""influenced_by_raw"": null, ""influenced_on_raw"": null, ""wikiart_pictures_count"": null}","portraits/thumbs/Jean-Antoine_Watteau_thumb.jpg"
96,"Wassily Kandinsky",1866,1944,18,"portraits/Wassily_Kandinsky.jpg","S. 4 December] 1866 – 13 December 1944) was a Russian painter and art theorist active in Germany during the late Belle Époque and Interwar eras.","Wassily Wassilyevich Kandinsky (16 December [O.S. 4 December] 1866 – 13 December 1944) was a Russian painter and art theorist active in Germany during the late Belle Époque and Interwar eras. Kandinsky is generally credited as one of the pioneers of abstraction in Western art. Born in Moscow, he began painting studies (life-drawing, sketching and anatomy) at the age of 30.
In 1896, Kandinsky settled in Munich, studying first at Anton Ažbe's private school and then at the Academy of Fine Arts. During this time, he was first the teacher and then the partner of German artist Gabriele Münter. He returned to Moscow in 1914 after the outbreak of World War I. Following the Russian Revolution, Kandinsky ""became an insider in the cultural administration of Anatoly Lunacharsky"" and helped establish the Museum of the Culture of Painting. However, by then, ""his spiritual outlook... was foreign to the argumentative materialism of Soviet society"" and opportunities beckoned in Germany, to which he returned in 1920. There, he taught at the Bauhaus school of art and architecture from 1922 until the Nazis closed it in 1933. He then moved to France, where he lived for the rest of his life, becoming a French citizen in 1939 and producing some of his most prominent art. He died in Neuilly-sur-Seine in 1944.","Wassily Kandinsky",1800,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Abstract Art, Abstract Expressionism, Art Nouveau (Modern), Expressionism, Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, Realism"", ""movement"": ""Expressionism"", ""last_year"": 1942, ""birth_year"": 1866, ""death_year"": 1944, ""first_year"": 1898, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Moscow"", ""citizenship"": ""France"", ""death_place"": ""Neuilly-sur-Seine"", ""nationality"": ""Russian"", ""occupations"": ""teacher, lawyer, illustrator, painter, sculptor, university teacher, graphic artist, scenographer, designer, drawer, art theorist, printmaker, architectural draftsperson"", ""teachers_raw"": null, ""painting_school"": ""Blue Rose,Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider),Bauhaus,Degenerate art,Der Sturm"", ""styles_extended"": ""{Abstract Art:141},{Abstract Expressionism:1},{Art Nouveau (Modern):3},{Expressionism:57},{Impressionism:1},{Post-Impressionism:23},{Realism:2}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Expressionism,Abstract Art:220}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": ""Edvard Munch,Aristarkh Lentulov,Robert Delaunay,Paul Cezanne,Claude Monet,"", ""influenced_on_raw"": ""Josef Albers,Egon Schiele,Georgia O'Keeffe,Karl Otto Gotz,Nasreen Mohamedi,William Baziotes,Arshile Gorky,Hans Hofmann,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 228}","portraits/thumbs/Wassily_Kandinsky_thumb.jpg"
35,"Giacomo Balla",1871,1958,20,"portraits/Giacomo_Balla.png","Giacomo Balla (18 July 1871 – 1 March 1958) was an Italian painter, art teacher and poet best known as a key proponent of Futurism. In his paintings, he depicted light, movement and speed.","Giacomo Balla (18 July 1871 – 1 March 1958) was an Italian painter, art teacher and poet best known as a key proponent of Futurism. In his paintings, he depicted light, movement and speed. He was concerned with expressing movement in his works, but unlike other leading futurists he was not interested in machines or violence with his works tending towards the witty and whimsical.","Giacomo Balla",1800,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Abstract Art, Divisionism, Futurism, Impressionism, Pointillism"", ""movement"": ""Futurism"", ""last_year"": 1946, ""birth_year"": 1871, ""death_year"": 1958, ""first_year"": 1907, ""pupils_raw"": ""Mario Sironi,"", ""birth_place"": ""Turin"", ""citizenship"": ""Italy"", ""death_place"": ""Rome"", ""nationality"": ""Italian"", ""occupations"": ""composer, teacher, painter, sculptor, ceramicist, drawer"", ""teachers_raw"": ""Artists2/Giacomo Balla/Future 1923.jpg,Artists2/Giacomo Balla/Spirit Form Transformation 1918.jpg,Artists2/Giacomo Balla/Primavera Spring 1918.jpg,Artists2/Giacomo Balla/Lines Force Of Boccioni S Fist.jpg,Artists2/Giacomo Balla/Flags For The Altar 1915.jpg,Artists2/Giacomo Balla/Synthesis Of Movement.jpg,Artists2/Giacomo Balla/Iridescent Interpenetration No 5 Eucalyptus 1914.jpg,Artists2/Giacomo Balla/Iridescent Interpenetration No 13.jpg,Artists2/Giacomo Balla/Dynamic Of Boccioni S Fist.jpg,Artists2/Giacomo Balla/Iridescent Interpenetration 1913.jpg,Artists2/Giacomo Balla/Abstract Speed 1913.jpg,"", ""painting_school"": ""Milan Futurist Group"", ""styles_extended"": ""{Abstract Art:6},{Divisionism:1},{Futurism:58},{Impressionism:2},{Pointillism:3}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Modern art:8},{Abstract art:2},{Futurism:76}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": ""Mario Sironi,posters-and-advertisements,logotypes,designs-and-sketches,allegories-and-symbols,stars-and-planets,roads-and-vehicles,instruments-and-mechanisms,children,games-and-sport,male-portraits,famous-people,allegories-and-symbols,doors-and-windows,Paris,carousels-and-attractions,night,"", ""influenced_on_raw"": ""Futuro,Transformación forma-espíritu,Compenetrazione Iridescente No.13,Private Collection,Paesaggio,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 70}","portraits/thumbs/Giacomo_Balla_thumb.jpg"
42,"Hannah Höch",1889,1978,23,"portraits/Hannah_H_ch.jpg","Hannah Höch (German: [hœç]; 1 November 1889 – 31 May 1978) was a German Dada artist. She is best known for her work of the Weimar period, when she was one of the originators of photomontage.","Hannah Höch (German: [hœç]; 1 November 1889 – 31 May 1978) was a German Dada artist. She is best known for her work of the Weimar period, when she was one of the originators of photomontage. Photomontage, or fotomontage, is a type of collage in which the pasted items are actual photographs, or photographic reproductions pulled from the press and other widely produced media.
An important element in Höch's work was the intention to dismantle the fable and dichotomy that existed in the concept of the ""New Woman"": an energetic, professional, and androgynous woman, who is ready to take her place as man's equal. Her interest in the topic was in how the dichotomy was structured, as well as in who structures social roles.
Other key themes in Höch's works were androgyny, political discourse, and shifting gender roles. These themes all interacted to create a feminist discourse surrounding Höch's works, which encouraged the liberation and agency of women during the Weimar Republic (1919–1933) and continuing through to today.","Hannah Höch",1800,False,False,"{""gender"": ""female"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Dada"", ""movement"": ""Dada"", ""last_year"": 1969, ""birth_year"": 1889, ""death_year"": 1978, ""first_year"": 1919, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Gotha"", ""citizenship"": ""Germany"", ""death_place"": ""Berlin"", ""nationality"": ""German"", ""occupations"": ""photographer, artist, painter, graphic artist, drawer, collagist"", ""teachers_raw"": null, ""painting_school"": null, ""styles_extended"": ""{Dada:13}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Dada:13}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": null, ""influenced_on_raw"": null, ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 13}","portraits/thumbs/Hannah_H_ch_thumb.jpg"
72,"Olga Rozanova",1886,1918,21,"portraits/Olga_Rozanova.jpg","Olga Vladimirovna  Rozanova (also spelled Rosanova,  Russian: Ольга Владимировна Розанова) (22 June 1886 – 7 November 1918, Moscow) was a Russian avant-garde artist painting in the styles of Suprematism, Neo-Primitivism, and Cubo-Futurism.","Olga Vladimirovna  Rozanova (also spelled Rosanova,  Russian: Ольга Владимировна Розанова) (22 June 1886 – 7 November 1918, Moscow) was a Russian avant-garde artist painting in the styles of Suprematism, Neo-Primitivism, and Cubo-Futurism.","Olga Rozanova",1800,False,False,"{""gender"": ""female"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Cubism, Cubo-Futurism, Naïve Art (Primitivism), Suprematism, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""Suprematism"", ""last_year"": 1918, ""birth_year"": 1886, ""death_year"": 1918, ""first_year"": 1910, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Melenki"", ""citizenship"": ""Russian Empire"", ""death_place"": ""Botkin Hospital"", ""nationality"": ""Russian"", ""occupations"": ""collagist, drawer, textile artist, visual artist, painter, illustrator, artist, poet, writer"", ""teachers_raw"": null, ""painting_school"": ""Supremus,Soyuz Molodyozhi (Union of the Youth)"", ""styles_extended"": ""{Cubism:23},{Cubo-Futurism:9},{Naïve Art (Primitivism):2},{Suprematism:13},{Unknown:5}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Cubo-Futurism,Suprematism:53}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": null, ""influenced_on_raw"": null, ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 52}","portraits/thumbs/Olga_Rozanova_thumb.jpg"
43,"Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec",1864,1901,14,"portraits/Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec.jpg","Comte Henri Marie Raymond de Toulouse-Lautrec-Montfa (24 November 1864 – 9 September 1901), known as Toulouse-Lautrec (French: [tuluz lotʁɛk]), was a French painter, printmaker, draughtsman, caricaturist, and illustrator. His immersion in the colourful and theatrical life of Paris' Belle Époque in the late 19th century allowed him to produce popular works of art from decadent affairs.","Comte Henri Marie Raymond de Toulouse-Lautrec-Montfa (24 November 1864 – 9 September 1901), known as Toulouse-Lautrec (French: [tuluz lotʁɛk]), was a French painter, printmaker, draughtsman, caricaturist, and illustrator. His immersion in the colourful and theatrical life of Paris' Belle Époque in the late 19th century allowed him to produce popular works of art from decadent affairs.
Born into the aristocracy, Toulouse-Lautrec broke both his legs during adolescence, leaving him with a stunted appearance. In later life, he developed an affinity for brothels and prostitutes that directed the subject matter for many of his works, which record details of the late-19th-century bohemian lifestyle in Paris. He is among the painters described as Post-Impressionists, with Paul Cézanne, Vincent van Gogh, Paul Gauguin, and Georges Seurat also commonly considered as belonging in this loose group.","Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec",1800,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Art Nouveau (Modern), Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, Realism, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""Post-Impressionism"", ""last_year"": 1901, ""birth_year"": 1864, ""death_year"": 1901, ""first_year"": 1880, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Albi"", ""citizenship"": ""France"", ""death_place"": ""Saint-André-du-Bois"", ""nationality"": null, ""occupations"": ""graphic designer, poster artist, painter, graphic artist, designer, ceramicist, printmaker, architectural draftsperson, lithographer"", ""teachers_raw"": null, ""painting_school"": null, ""styles_extended"": ""{Art Nouveau (Modern):112},{Impressionism:32},{Post-Impressionism:221},{Realism:7},{Unknown:1}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Post-Impressionism:14},{Art Nouveau:13},{Modern art:14}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": null, ""influenced_on_raw"": null, ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 373}","portraits/thumbs/Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec_thumb.jpg"
75,"Parrhasius",-450,-380,1,"portraits/Parrhasius.jpg","Parrhasius of Ephesus (Ancient Greek: Παρράσιος) was a famed painter of Ancient Greece. Active during an era when other painters were starting to depict realistic scenes with shading, Parrhasius stood out by sticking to the older technique of line-drawing, and innovated new ways to portray volume using this method.","Parrhasius of Ephesus (Ancient Greek: Παρράσιος) was a famed painter of Ancient Greece. Active during an era when other painters were starting to depict realistic scenes with shading, Parrhasius stood out by sticking to the older technique of line-drawing, and innovated new ways to portray volume using this method. He created new iconographies that future painters would reproduce for centuries.","Parrhasius (painter)",-500,False,False,NULL,"portraits/thumbs/Parrhasius_thumb.jpg"
74,"Parmigianino",1503,1540,7,"portraits/Parmigianino.jpg","Girolamo Francesco Maria Mazzola (11 January 1503 – 24 August 1540), also known as Francesco Mazzola or, more commonly, as Parmigianino (UK: , US: , Italian: [parmidʒaˈniːno]; ""the little one from Parma""), was an Italian Mannerist painter and printmaker active in Florence, Rome, Bologna, and his native city of Parma. His work is characterized by a ""refined sensuality"" and often elongation of forms and includes Vision of Saint Jerome (1527) and the iconic if somewhat anomalous Madonna with the Long Neck (1534), and he remains the best known artist of the first generation whose whole careers fall into the Mannerist period.","Girolamo Francesco Maria Mazzola (11 January 1503 – 24 August 1540), also known as Francesco Mazzola or, more commonly, as Parmigianino (UK: , US: , Italian: [parmidʒaˈniːno]; ""the little one from Parma""), was an Italian Mannerist painter and printmaker active in Florence, Rome, Bologna, and his native city of Parma. His work is characterized by a ""refined sensuality"" and often elongation of forms and includes Vision of Saint Jerome (1527) and the iconic if somewhat anomalous Madonna with the Long Neck (1534), and he remains the best known artist of the first generation whose whole careers fall into the Mannerist period.
His prodigious and individual talent has always been recognised, but his career was disrupted by war, especially the Sack of Rome in 1527, three years after he moved there, and then ended by his death at 37.  He produced outstanding drawings, and was one of the first Italian painters to experiment with printmaking himself.  While his portable works have always been keenly collected and are now in major museums in Italy and around the world, his two large projects in fresco are in a church in Parma and a palace in a small town nearby.  This in conjunction with their lack of large main subjects has resulted in their being less well known than other works by similar artists. He painted a number of important portraits, leading a trend in Italy towards the three-quarters or full-length figure, previously mostly reserved for royalty.","Parmigianino",1500,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": null, ""movement"": ""{Italian Renaissance:7},{Renaissance:7},{Mannerism:14},{Mannerism (Late Renaissance):46}"", ""last_year"": 1540, ""birth_year"": 1503, ""death_year"": 1540, ""first_year"": 1520, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Parma"", ""citizenship"": ""Italy"", ""death_place"": ""Casalmaggiore"", ""nationality"": ""Italian"", ""occupations"": ""['painter', 'graphic artist', 'etcher', 'printmaker', 'architectural draftsperson', 'drawer']"", ""teachers_raw"": null, ""painting_school"": ""Parma school"", ""styles_extended"": null, ""art500k_movements"": null, ""influenced_by_raw"": ""Albrecht Durer,"", ""influenced_on_raw"": ""Jacopo Bassano,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": null}","portraits/thumbs/Parmigianino_thumb.jpg"
78,"Peter Paul Rubens",1577,1640,8,"portraits/Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg","Sir Peter Paul Rubens ( ROO-bənz; Dutch: [ˈpeːtər pʌul ˈrybəns]; 28 June 1577 – 30 May 1640) was a Flemish artist and diplomat. He is considered the most influential artist of the Flemish Baroque tradition.","Sir Peter Paul Rubens ( ROO-bənz; Dutch: [ˈpeːtər pʌul ˈrybəns]; 28 June 1577 – 30 May 1640) was a Flemish artist and diplomat. He is considered the most influential artist of the Flemish Baroque tradition. Rubens's highly charged compositions reference erudite aspects of classical and Christian history. His unique and immensely popular Baroque style emphasised movement, colour, and sensuality, which followed the immediate, dramatic artistic style promoted in the Counter-Reformation. Rubens was a painter producing altarpieces, portraits, landscapes, and history paintings of mythological and allegorical subjects. He was also a prolific designer of cartoons for the Flemish tapestry workshops and of frontispieces for the publishers in Antwerp.
Rubens was born and raised in the Holy Roman Empire (modern-day Germany) to parents who were refugees from Antwerp in the Duchy of Brabant in the Spanish Netherlands and moved to Antwerp at about 12. In addition to running a large workshop in Antwerp that produced paintings popular with nobility and art collectors throughout Europe, Rubens was a classically educated humanist scholar and diplomat who was knighted by both Philip IV of Spain and Charles I of England. Rubens was a prolific artist. The catalogue of his works by Michael Jaffé lists 1,403 pieces, excluding numerous copies made in his workshop.
His commissioned works were mostly history paintings, which included religious and mythological subjects, and hunt scenes. He painted portraits, especially of friends, and self-portraits, and in later life painted several landscapes. Rubens designed tapestries and prints, as well as his own house. He also oversaw the ephemeral decorations of the royal entry into Antwerp by the Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand of Austria in 1635. He wrote a book with illustrations of the palaces in Genoa, which was published in 1622 as Palazzi di Genova. The book was influential in spreading the Genoese palace style in Northern Europe. Rubens was an avid art collector and had one of the largest collections of art and books in Antwerp. He was also an art dealer and is known to have sold important art objects to George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham.
He was one of the last major artists to make consistent use of wooden panels as a support medium, even for very large works, but used canvas as well, especially when the work needed to be sent a long distance. For altarpieces, he sometimes painted on slate to reduce reflection problems.","Peter Paul Rubens",1500,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Baroque, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""Baroque"", ""last_year"": 1640, ""birth_year"": 1577, ""death_year"": 1640, ""first_year"": 1597, ""pupils_raw"": ""Anthony van Dyck,Jacob Jordaens,Frans Snyders,"", ""birth_place"": ""Siegen"", ""citizenship"": ""Spanish Netherlands"", ""death_place"": ""Antwerp"", ""nationality"": ""Flemish"", ""occupations"": ""graphic artist, printmaker, architectural draftsperson, diplomat, painter, sculptor"", ""teachers_raw"": ""Tobias Verhaecht,Adam van Noort,Otto van Veen,"", ""painting_school"": ""Flemish School,Antwerp School"", ""styles_extended"": ""{Baroque:559},{Unknown:55}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Antwerp school:3},{Baroque:390}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": ""Titian,Pieter Bruegel the Elder,Caravaggio,Hans Holbein the Younger,"", ""influenced_on_raw"": ""Gustave Courbet,Frans Hals,Rembrandt,John Constable,Théodore Géricault,Eugene Delacroix,Rosa Bonheur,Jenny Saville,Claudio Coello,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 614}","portraits/thumbs/Peter_Paul_Rubens_thumb.jpg"
48,"Ivan Klyun",1873,1943,21,"portraits/Ivan_Klyun.jpg","Ivan Vasilievich Kliun, or Klyun, born Klyunkov (Russian: Иван Васильевич Клюн; 1 September 1873, in Bolshiye Gorky, Petushinsky District – 13 December 1943, in Moscow) was a Russian Avant-Garde painter, sculptor and art theorist, associated with the Suprematist movement.","Ivan Vasilievich Kliun, or Klyun, born Klyunkov (Russian: Иван Васильевич Клюн; 1 September 1873, in Bolshiye Gorky, Petushinsky District – 13 December 1943, in Moscow) was a Russian Avant-Garde painter, sculptor and art theorist, associated with the Suprematist movement.","Ivan Kliun",1800,False,False,NULL,"portraits/thumbs/Ivan_Klyun_thumb.jpg"
40,"Gustav Klimt",1862,1918,15,"portraits/Gustav_Klimt.jpg","Gustav Klimt (14 July 1862 – 6 February 1918) was an Austrian symbolist painter and a founding member of the Vienna Secession movement. His work helped define the Art Nouveau style in Europe.","Gustav Klimt (14 July 1862 – 6 February 1918) was an Austrian symbolist painter and a founding member of the Vienna Secession movement. His work helped define the Art Nouveau style in Europe. Klimt is known for his paintings, murals, sketches, and other objets d'art. Klimt's primary subject was the female body, and his works are marked by a frank eroticism. Amongst his figurative works, which include allegories and portraits, he painted landscapes. He is best known for The Kiss and Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I. Among the artists of the Vienna Secession, Klimt was the most influenced by Japanese art and its methods.
Early in his career, he was a successful painter of architectural decorations in a conventional manner. As he began to develop a more personal style, his work was the subject of controversy that culminated when the paintings he completed around 1900 for the ceiling of the Great Hall of the University of Vienna were criticised as pornographic. He subsequently accepted no more public commissions, but achieved a new success with the paintings of his ""golden phase"", many of which include gold leaf. Klimt's work was an important influence on his younger peer Egon Schiele.
Klimt died in 1918, having suffered from a stroke and pneumonia. Since his death, Klimt's paintings have brought some of the highest prices recorded for individual works of art at auction.","Gustav Klimt",1800,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Art Nouveau (Modern), Japonism, Neoclassicism, Realism, Romanticism, Symbolism, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""Symbolism"", ""last_year"": 1918, ""birth_year"": 1862, ""death_year"": 1918, ""first_year"": 1879, ""pupils_raw"": ""Fedir Krychevsky,"", ""birth_place"": ""Vienna"", ""citizenship"": ""Cisleithania"", ""death_place"": ""Vienna"", ""nationality"": ""Austrian"", ""occupations"": ""drawer, architectural draftsperson, designer, graphic artist, painter"", ""teachers_raw"": null, ""painting_school"": ""Vienna Secession"", ""styles_extended"": ""{Art Nouveau (Modern):86},{Japonism:6},{Neoclassicism:3},{Realism:5},{Romanticism:2},{Symbolism:50},{Unknown:9}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Symbolism,Art Nouveau:162}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": null, ""influenced_on_raw"": ""Egon Schiele,Oskar Kokoschka,Theo van Doesburg,Art Nouveau,Fedir Krychevsky,Victor Zaretsky,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 161}","portraits/thumbs/Gustav_Klimt_thumb.jpg"
46,"Hieronymus Bosch",1450,1516,5,"portraits/Hieronymus_Bosch.jpg","Hieronymus Bosch (; Dutch: [ɦijeːˈroːnimʏz ˈbɔs] ; born Jheronimus van Aken [jeːˈroːnimʏs fɑn ˈaːkə(n)]; c. 1450 – 9 August 1516) was a Dutch painter from Brabant.","Hieronymus Bosch (; Dutch: [ɦijeːˈroːnimʏz ˈbɔs] ; born Jheronimus van Aken [jeːˈroːnimʏs fɑn ˈaːkə(n)]; c. 1450 – 9 August 1516) was a Dutch painter from Brabant. He is one of the most notable representatives of the Early Netherlandish painting school. His work, generally oil on oak wood, mainly contains fantastic illustrations of religious concepts and narratives. Within his lifetime, his work was collected in the Netherlands, Austria, and Spain, and widely copied, especially his macabre and nightmarish depictions of hell.
Little is known of Bosch's life, though there are some records. He spent most of it in the town of 's-Hertogenbosch, where he was born in his grandfather's house. The roots of his forefathers are in Nijmegen and Aachen (reflected in his surname, Van Aken). His original, fantastical style cast a wide influence on northern art of the 16th century; Pieter Bruegel the Elder was his best-known follower. Today, Bosch is seen as a highly individualistic artist who offered profound insights into humanity's desires and deepest fears. Attribution of his work has been especially difficult; today only about 25 paintings are confidently identified as his, along with eight drawings. About another half-dozen paintings are confidently attributed to his workshop. His most acclaimed works consist of three triptych altarpieces, particularly The Garden of Earthly Delights.","Hieronymus Bosch",1400,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Northern Renaissance, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""Northern Renaissance"", ""last_year"": 1575, ""birth_year"": 1450, ""death_year"": 1516, ""first_year"": 1450, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""'s-Hertogenbosch"", ""citizenship"": ""Southern Netherlands"", ""death_place"": ""'s-Hertogenbosch"", ""nationality"": ""Dutch"", ""occupations"": ""painter, visual artist, architectural draftsperson, drawer"", ""teachers_raw"": null, ""painting_school"": ""Flemish School"", ""styles_extended"": ""{Northern Renaissance:158},{Unknown:25}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Northern Renaissance:184}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": null, ""influenced_on_raw"": ""Pieter Bruegel the Elder,Yves Tanguy,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 183}","portraits/thumbs/Hieronymus_Bosch_thumb.jpg"
85,"Richard Hamilton",1922,2011,26,"portraits/Richard_Hamilton.jpg","Richard  William Hamilton  (24 February 1922 – 13 September 2011) was an English painter and collage artist. , produced for the This Is Tomorrow exhibition of the Independent Group in London, are considered by critics and historians to be among the earliest works of pop art.","Richard  William Hamilton  (24 February 1922 – 13 September 2011) was an English painter and collage artist. His 1955 exhibition Man, Machine and Motion (Hatton Gallery, Newcastle upon Tyne) and his 1956 collage Just what is it that makes today's homes so different, so appealing?, produced for the This Is Tomorrow exhibition of the Independent Group in London, are considered by critics and historians to be among the earliest works of pop art. A major retrospective of his work was at Tate Modern in 2014.","Richard Hamilton (artist)",1900,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Pop Art, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""Pop Art"", ""last_year"": 2008, ""birth_year"": 1922, ""death_year"": 2011, ""first_year"": 1956, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""London"", ""citizenship"": ""United Kingdom"", ""death_place"": ""London"", ""nationality"": ""British"", ""occupations"": ""photographer, painter, drawer, collagist, computer artist"", ""teachers_raw"": null, ""painting_school"": ""Independent Group"", ""styles_extended"": ""{Pop Art:38},{Unknown:27}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Pop Art:65}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": null, ""influenced_on_raw"": null, ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 65}","portraits/thumbs/Richard_Hamilton_thumb.jpg"
50,"Jackson Pollock",1912,1956,25,"portraits/Jackson_Pollock.jpg","Paul Jackson Pollock (; January 28, 1912 – August 11, 1956) was an American painter. A major figure in the abstract expressionist movement, he was widely noticed for his ""drip technique"" of pouring or splashing liquid household paint onto a horizontal surface, enabling him to view and paint his canvases from all angles.","Paul Jackson Pollock (; January 28, 1912 – August 11, 1956) was an American painter. A major figure in the abstract expressionist movement, he was widely noticed for his ""drip technique"" of pouring or splashing liquid household paint onto a horizontal surface, enabling him to view and paint his canvases from all angles. It was called all-over painting and action painting, because Pollock covered the entire canvas and used the force of his whole body to paint, often in a frenetic dancing style. This extreme form of abstraction divided critics: some praised the immediacy of the creation, while others derided the random effects.
A reclusive and volatile personality, Pollock struggled with alcoholism for most of his life. In 1945, he married artist Lee Krasner, who became an important influence on his career and on his legacy. Pollock died in August 1956 at age 44 in an alcohol-related single-car collision when he was driving. Four months after his death, Pollock was given a memorial retrospective exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York City. A larger, more comprehensive exhibition of his work was held there in 1967. In 1998 and 1999, Pollock's work was honored with large-scale retrospective exhibitions at MoMA and the Tate Gallery in London.","Jackson Pollock",1900,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Abstract Expressionism, Action painting, Expressionism"", ""movement"": ""Abstract Art"", ""last_year"": 1953, ""birth_year"": 1912, ""death_year"": 1956, ""first_year"": 1934, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Cody"", ""citizenship"": ""United States of America"", ""death_place"": ""East Hampton"", ""nationality"": ""American"", ""occupations"": ""painter, printmaker, drawer"", ""teachers_raw"": null, ""painting_school"": ""New York School,Irascibles"", ""styles_extended"": ""{Abstract Expressionism:33},{Action painting:43},{Expressionism:14}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Modern art:1},{Abstract Expressionism:84}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": ""El Greco,Pablo Picasso,Paul Cezanne,Thomas Hart Benton,Jose Clemente Orozco,Joan Miro,Chaim Soutine,David Alfaro Siqueiros,Salvador Dali,Yves Tanguy,Native Art,Regionalism,Surrealism,"", ""influenced_on_raw"": ""Helen Frankenthaler,Cy Twombly,Morris Louis,Lee Krasner,Robert Morris,Kenneth Noland,Franz Kline,Gerhard Richter,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 90}","portraits/thumbs/Jackson_Pollock_thumb.jpg"
55,"Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot",1796,1875,12,"portraits/Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot.jpg","Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot (UK:  KORR-oh, US:  kə-ROH, kor-OH; French: [ʒɑ̃ batist kamij kɔʁo]; 16 July 1796 – 22 February 1875), or simply Camille Corot, was a French landscape and portrait painter as well as a printmaker in etching. A pivotal figure in landscape painting, his vast output simultaneously referenced the Neo-Classical tradition and anticipated the plein-air innovations of Impressionism.","Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot (UK:  KORR-oh, US:  kə-ROH, kor-OH; French: [ʒɑ̃ batist kamij kɔʁo]; 16 July 1796 – 22 February 1875), or simply Camille Corot, was a French landscape and portrait painter as well as a printmaker in etching. A pivotal figure in landscape painting, his vast output simultaneously referenced the Neo-Classical tradition and anticipated the plein-air innovations of Impressionism.","Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot",1800,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": null, ""movement"": null, ""last_year"": 1875, ""birth_year"": 1796, ""death_year"": 1875, ""first_year"": 1825, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Paris"", ""citizenship"": ""France"", ""death_place"": ""Paris"", ""nationality"": null, ""occupations"": ""['photographer', 'painter', 'printmaker', 'architectural draftsperson', 'drawer']"", ""teachers_raw"": null, ""painting_school"": null, ""styles_extended"": null, ""art500k_movements"": null, ""influenced_by_raw"": null, ""influenced_on_raw"": null, ""wikiart_pictures_count"": null}","portraits/thumbs/Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot_thumb.jpg"
56,"Jean-François Millet",1814,1875,12,"portraits/Jean-Fran_ois_Millet.jpg","Jean-François Millet (French pronunciation: [ʒɑ̃ fʁɑ̃swa milɛ]; 4 October 1814 – 20 January 1875) was a French painter and one of the founders of the Barbizon school in rural France. Millet is noted for his paintings of peasant farmers and can be categorized as part of the Realism art movement.","Jean-François Millet (French pronunciation: [ʒɑ̃ fʁɑ̃swa milɛ]; 4 October 1814 – 20 January 1875) was a French painter and one of the founders of the Barbizon school in rural France. Millet is noted for his paintings of peasant farmers and can be categorized as part of the Realism art movement. Toward the end of his career, he became increasingly interested in painting pure landscapes. He is known best for his oil paintings but is also noted for his pastels, Conté crayon drawings, and etchings.","Jean-François Millet",1800,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": null, ""movement"": ""{Realism:128}"", ""last_year"": 1875, ""birth_year"": 1814, ""death_year"": 1875, ""first_year"": 1839, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Gréville-Hague"", ""citizenship"": ""France"", ""death_place"": ""Barbizon"", ""nationality"": ""French"", ""occupations"": ""['photographer', 'engraver', 'painter', 'graphic artist', 'plower', 'architectural draftsperson']"", ""teachers_raw"": null, ""painting_school"": ""Barbizon school"", ""styles_extended"": null, ""art500k_movements"": null, ""influenced_by_raw"": ""Honore Daumier,Michelangelo,Nicolas Poussin,"", ""influenced_on_raw"": ""Edward Mitchell Bannister,Andres de Santa Maria,Vincent van Gogh,Claude Monet,Georges Seurat,Salvador Dali,Eugène Burnand,Giovanni Segantini,Albin Egger-Lienz,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": null}","portraits/thumbs/Jean-Fran_ois_Millet_thumb.jpg"
62,"Leonardo da Vinci",1452,1519,6,"portraits/Leonardo_da_Vinci.png","Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (15 April 1452 – 2 May 1519) was an Italian polymath of the High Renaissance who was active as a painter, draughtsman, engineer, scientist, theorist, sculptor, and architect. While his fame initially rested on his achievements as a painter, he has also become known for his notebooks, in which he made drawings and notes on a variety of subjects, including anatomy, astronomy, botany, cartography, painting, and palaeontology.","Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (15 April 1452 – 2 May 1519) was an Italian polymath of the High Renaissance who was active as a painter, draughtsman, engineer, scientist, theorist, sculptor, and architect. While his fame initially rested on his achievements as a painter, he has also become known for his notebooks, in which he made drawings and notes on a variety of subjects, including anatomy, astronomy, botany, cartography, painting, and palaeontology. Leonardo is widely regarded as a genius who epitomised the Renaissance humanist ideal, and his collective works contributed to the development of European art to an extent rivalled only by that of his younger contemporary Michelangelo.
Born out of wedlock to a successful notary and a lower-class woman in, or near, Vinci, he was educated in Florence by the Italian painter and sculptor Andrea del Verrocchio. He began his career in the city, but then spent much time in the service of Ludovico Sforza in Milan. Later, he worked in Florence and Milan again, as well as briefly in Rome, all while attracting a large following of imitators and students. Upon the invitation of Francis I, he spent his last three years in France, where he died in 1519. Since his death, there has not been a time when his achievements, diverse interests, personal life, and empirical thinking have failed to incite interest and admiration, making him a frequent namesake and subject in culture.
Leonardo is identified as one of the greatest painters in the history of Western art and is often credited as the founder of the High Renaissance. Despite having many lost works and fewer than 25 attributed major works – including numerous unfinished works – he created some of the most influential paintings in the Western canon. The Mona Lisa is his best known work and is regarded as the world's most famous individual painting. The Last Supper is the most reproduced religious painting of all time and his Vitruvian Man drawing is also regarded as a cultural icon. In 2017, Salvator Mundi, attributed in whole or part to Leonardo, was sold at auction for US$450.3 million, setting a new record for the most expensive painting ever sold at public auction.
Revered for his technological ingenuity, he conceptualised flying machines, a type of armoured fighting vehicle, concentrated solar power, a ratio machine that could be used in an adding machine, and the double hull. Relatively few of his designs were constructed or were even feasible during his lifetime, as the modern scientific approaches to metallurgy and engineering were only in their infancy during the Renaissance. Some of his smaller inventions, however, entered the world of manufacturing unheralded, such as an automated bobbin winder and a machine for testing the tensile strength of wire. He made substantial discoveries in anatomy, civil engineering, hydrodynamics, geology, optics, and tribology, but he did not publish his findings and they had little to no direct influence on subsequent science.","Leonardo da Vinci",1400,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Early Renaissance, High Renaissance, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""High Renaissance"", ""last_year"": 1512, ""birth_year"": 1452, ""death_year"": 1519, ""first_year"": 1480, ""pupils_raw"": ""Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio,"", ""birth_place"": ""Anchiano"", ""citizenship"": ""Republic of Florence"", ""death_place"": ""Amboise"", ""nationality"": ""Italian"", ""occupations"": ""scientist, astronomer, writer, composer, architect, engineer, physicist, mathematician, diplomat, inventor, polymath, zoologist, chemist, painter, sculptor, physiologist, botanist, caricaturist, philosopher, designer, anatomist, civil engineer, architectural draftsperson"", ""teachers_raw"": ""Andrea del Verrocchio,Andrea del Verrochio,"", ""painting_school"": null, ""styles_extended"": ""{Early Renaissance:44},{High Renaissance:141},{Unknown:20}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Italian Renaissance:1},{High Renaissance:204},{Renaissance:1}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": ""Piero della Francesca,Masaccio,Filippo Lippi,Hugo van der Goes,"", ""influenced_on_raw"": ""Bartolomeo Veneto,Mariotto Albertinelli,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 205}","portraits/thumbs/Leonardo_da_Vinci_thumb.jpg"
51,"Jacques-Louis David",1748,1825,10,"portraits/Jacques-Louis_David.jpg","Jacques-Louis David (French: [ʒaklwi david]; 30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825) was a French painter in the Neoclassical style, considered to be the preeminent painter of the era. In the 1780s, his cerebral brand of history painting marked a change in taste away from Rococo frivolity toward classical austerity, severity, and heightened feeling, which harmonized with the moral climate of the final years of the Ancien Régime.","Jacques-Louis David (French: [ʒaklwi david]; 30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825) was a French painter in the Neoclassical style, considered to be the preeminent painter of the era. In the 1780s, his cerebral brand of history painting marked a change in taste away from Rococo frivolity toward classical austerity, severity, and heightened feeling, which harmonized with the moral climate of the final years of the Ancien Régime.
David later became an active supporter of the French Revolution and friend of Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794), and was effectively a dictator of the arts under the French Republic. Imprisoned after Robespierre's fall from power, he aligned himself with yet another political regime upon his release: that of Napoleon, the First Consul of France. At this time he developed his Empire style, notable for its use of warm Venetian colours. After Napoleon's fall from Imperial power and the Bourbon revival, David exiled himself to Brussels, then in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, where he remained until his death. David had many pupils, making him the strongest influence in French art of the early 19th century, especially academic Salon painting.
David's career spans six different political regimes in France. He was a prolific artist and produced imagery that has entered the collective imagination. Famous paintings include The Death of Marat, Napoleon Crossing the Alps and The Coronation of Napoleon.","Jacques-Louis David",1700,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Neoclassicism, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""Neoclassicism"", ""last_year"": 1824, ""birth_year"": 1748, ""death_year"": 1825, ""first_year"": 1772, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Paris"", ""citizenship"": ""France"", ""death_place"": ""City of Brussels"", ""nationality"": null, ""occupations"": ""politician, painter, architectural draftsperson"", ""teachers_raw"": null, ""painting_school"": null, ""styles_extended"": ""{Neoclassicism:78},{Unknown:34}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Neoclassicism:1}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": null, ""influenced_on_raw"": null, ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 112}","portraits/thumbs/Jacques-Louis_David_thumb.jpg"
59,"John Constable",1776,1837,11,"portraits/John_Constable.jpg","John Constable (; 11 June 1776 – 31 March 1837) was an English landscape painter in the Romantic tradition. Born in Suffolk, he is known principally for revolutionising the genre of landscape painting with his pictures of Dedham Vale, the area on the borderland of Suffolk and north Essex surrounding his home – now known as ""Constable Country"" – which he invested with an intensity of affection.","John Constable (; 11 June 1776 – 31 March 1837) was an English landscape painter in the Romantic tradition. Born in Suffolk, he is known principally for revolutionising the genre of landscape painting with his pictures of Dedham Vale, the area on the borderland of Suffolk and north Essex surrounding his home – now known as ""Constable Country"" – which he invested with an intensity of affection. ""I should paint my own places best"", he wrote to his friend John Fisher in 1821, ""painting is but another word for feeling.""
Constable's most famous paintings include Wivenhoe Park (1816), Dedham Vale (1828) and The Hay Wain (1821). Although his paintings are now among the most popular and valuable in British art, he was never financially successful. He was elected to the Royal Academy of Arts at the age of 52. His work was embraced in France, where he sold more than in his native England and inspired the Barbizon school.","John Constable",1800,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Romanticism, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""Romanticism"", ""last_year"": 1837, ""birth_year"": 1776, ""death_year"": 1837, ""first_year"": 1800, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""East Bergholt"", ""citizenship"": ""Kingdom of Great Britain"", ""death_place"": ""Charlotte Street"", ""nationality"": ""British"", ""occupations"": ""painter, architectural draftsperson, landscape painter"", ""teachers_raw"": null, ""painting_school"": ""English school"", ""styles_extended"": ""{Romanticism:108},{Unknown:8}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Romanticism:117}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": ""Claude Lorrain,Thomas Gainsborough,Peter Paul Rubens,Annibale Carracci,Jacob van Ruisdael,"", ""influenced_on_raw"": ""Alfred Sisley,Jules Dupre,Claude Monet,Barbizon school,Impressionism,Théodore Géricault,Eugene Delacroix,Camille Corot,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 116}","portraits/thumbs/John_Constable_thumb.jpg"
60,"Juan Gris",1887,1927,19,"portraits/Juan_Gris.jpg","José Victoriano González-Pérez  (23 March 1887 – 11 May 1927), better known as Juan Gris (Spanish: [ˈxwaŋ ˈɡɾis]; French: [gʀi]), was a Spanish painter born in Madrid who lived and worked in France for most of his active period. Closely connected to the innovative artistic genre Cubism, his works are among the movement's most distinctive.","José Victoriano González-Pérez  (23 March 1887 – 11 May 1927), better known as Juan Gris (Spanish: [ˈxwaŋ ˈɡɾis]; French: [gʀi]), was a Spanish painter born in Madrid who lived and worked in France for most of his active period. Closely connected to the innovative artistic genre Cubism, his works are among the movement's most distinctive.","Juan Gris",1800,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Analytical Cubism, Cubism, Synthetic Cubism"", ""movement"": ""Cubism"", ""last_year"": 1927, ""birth_year"": 1887, ""death_year"": 1927, ""first_year"": 1910, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Madrid"", ""citizenship"": ""Spain"", ""death_place"": ""Boulogne-Billancourt"", ""nationality"": ""Spanish"", ""occupations"": ""illustrator, painter, sculptor, scenographer, visual artist, printmaker, architectural draftsperson, drawer"", ""teachers_raw"": null, ""painting_school"": ""École de Paris"", ""styles_extended"": ""{Analytical Cubism:14},{Cubism:79},{Synthetic Cubism:112}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Cubism:200},{Modern art:2}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": null, ""influenced_on_raw"": ""Karl Otto Gotz,Balcomb Greene,Fernando García Ponce,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 205}","portraits/thumbs/Juan_Gris_thumb.jpg"
58,"Joan Miró",1893,1983,24,"portraits/Joan_Mir_.jpg","Joan Miró i Ferrà ( mirr-OH, US also  mee-ROH, Catalan: [ʒuˈam miˈɾo j fəˈra]; 20 April 1893 – 25 December 1983) was a Catalan painter, sculptor and ceramist from Spain. A museum dedicated to his work, the Fundació Joan Miró, was established in his native city of Barcelona in 1975, and another, the Fundació Pilar i Joan Miró, was established in his adoptive city of Palma, Mallorca in 1981.","Joan Miró i Ferrà ( mirr-OH, US also  mee-ROH, Catalan: [ʒuˈam miˈɾo j fəˈra]; 20 April 1893 – 25 December 1983) was a Catalan painter, sculptor and ceramist from Spain. A museum dedicated to his work, the Fundació Joan Miró, was established in his native city of Barcelona in 1975, and another, the Fundació Pilar i Joan Miró, was established in his adoptive city of Palma, Mallorca in 1981.
Earning international acclaim, his work has been interpreted as  Surrealism but with a personal style, sometimes also veering into Fauvism and Expressionism. He was notable for his interest in the unconscious or the subconscious mind, reflected in his re-creation of the childlike. His difficult-to-classify works also had a manifestation of Catalan pride. In numerous interviews dating from the 1930s onwards, Miró expressed contempt for conventional painting methods as a way of supporting bourgeois society, and declared an ""assassination of painting"" in favour of upsetting the visual elements of established painting.","Joan Miró",1800,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Abstract Expressionism, Automatic Painting, Cubism, Dada, Fauvism, Naïve Art (Primitivism), Surrealism, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""Surrealism"", ""last_year"": 1983, ""birth_year"": 1893, ""death_year"": 1983, ""first_year"": 1900, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Barcelona"", ""citizenship"": ""Spain"", ""death_place"": ""Palma de Mallorca"", ""nationality"": ""Spanish"", ""occupations"": ""painter, sculptor, graphic artist, postage stamp designer, scenographer, designer, ceramicist, textile artist, lithographer, tapestry designer"", ""teachers_raw"": null, ""painting_school"": null, ""styles_extended"": ""{Abstract Expressionism:6},{Automatic Painting:20},{Cubism:7},{Dada:1},{Fauvism:17},{Naïve Art (Primitivism):7},{Surrealism:142},{Unknown:2}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Surrealism:200}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": ""Marc Chagall,"", ""influenced_on_raw"": ""Morris Louis,Jackson Pollock,Salvador Dali,Ivan Eyre,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 202}","portraits/thumbs/Joan_Mir__thumb.jpg"
69,"Michelangelo",1475,1564,6,"portraits/Michelangelo.jpg","Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (6 March 1475 – 18 February 1564), known mononymously as Michelangelo, was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet of the High Renaissance. He was born in the Republic of Florence but was mostly active in Rome from his 30s onwards.","Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (6 March 1475 – 18 February 1564), known mononymously as Michelangelo, was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet of the High Renaissance. He was born in the Republic of Florence but was mostly active in Rome from his 30s onwards. His work was inspired by models from classical antiquity and had a lasting influence on Western art. Michelangelo's creative abilities and mastery in a range of artistic arenas define him as an archetypal Renaissance man, along with his rival and elder contemporary, Leonardo da Vinci. Given the sheer volume of surviving correspondence, sketches, and reminiscences, Michelangelo is one of the best-documented artists of the 16th century. He was lauded by contemporary biographers as the most accomplished artist of his era.
Michelangelo achieved fame early. Two of his best-known works, the Pietà and David, were sculpted before the age of 30. Although he did not consider himself a painter, Michelangelo created two of the most influential frescoes in the history of Western art: the scenes from Genesis on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome, and The Last Judgment on its altar wall. His design of the Laurentian Library pioneered Mannerist architecture. At the age of 71, he succeeded Antonio da Sangallo the Younger as the architect of St. Peter's Basilica. Michelangelo transformed the plan so that the Western end was finished to his design, as was the dome, with some modification, after his death.
Michelangelo was the first Western artist whose biography was published while he was alive. Three biographies were published during his lifetime. One of them, by Giorgio Vasari, proposed that Michelangelo's work transcended that of any artist living or dead, and was ""supreme in not one art alone but in all three"".
In his lifetime, Michelangelo was often called Il Divino (""the divine one""). His contemporaries admired his terribilità—his ability to instill a sense of awe in viewers of his art. Attempts by subsequent artists to imitate the expressive physicality of Michelangelo's style contributed to the rise of Mannerism, a short-lived movement in Western art between the High Renaissance and the Baroque.","Michelangelo",1400,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""High Renaissance, Mannerism (Late Renaissance), Unknown"", ""movement"": ""High Renaissance"", ""last_year"": 1552, ""birth_year"": 1994, ""death_year"": 1564, ""first_year"": 1501, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Cremona"", ""citizenship"": ""Republic of Florence"", ""death_place"": ""Rome"", ""nationality"": ""Italian"", ""occupations"": ""writer, architect, poet, engineer, general contractor, painter, sculptor"", ""teachers_raw"": ""Domenico Ghirlandaio,"", ""painting_school"": ""Florentine School"", ""styles_extended"": ""{High Renaissance:117},{Mannerism (Late Renaissance):54},{Unknown:11}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Italian Renaissance:3},{High Renaissance:178},{Renaissance:3}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": ""Giotto,Masaccio,"", ""influenced_on_raw"": ""Auguste Rodin,Henry Moore,Jose Clemente Orozco,Raphael,Daniele da Volterra,Maarten de Vos,Mannerism (Late Renaissance),Titian,Théodore Géricault,Edgar Degas,Jean-Francois Millet,John Singer Sargent,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 182}","portraits/thumbs/Michelangelo_thumb.jpg"
90,"Théodore Géricault",1791,1824,11,"portraits/Th_odore_G_ricault.jpg","Jean-Louis André Théodore Géricault (French: [ʒɑ̃lwi ɑ̃dʁe teɔdɔʁ ʒeʁiko]; 26 September 1791 – 26 January 1824) was a French painter and lithographer. His best-known painting is The Raft of the Medusa.","Jean-Louis André Théodore Géricault (French: [ʒɑ̃lwi ɑ̃dʁe teɔdɔʁ ʒeʁiko]; 26 September 1791 – 26 January 1824) was a French painter and lithographer. His best-known painting is The Raft of the Medusa. Despite his short life, he was one of the pioneers of the Romantic movement.","Théodore Géricault",1800,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Orientalism, Realism, Romanticism, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""Romanticism"", ""last_year"": 1824, ""birth_year"": 1791, ""death_year"": 1824, ""first_year"": 1808, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Rouen"", ""citizenship"": ""France"", ""death_place"": ""Paris"", ""nationality"": ""French"", ""occupations"": ""painter, sculptor, graphic artist, architectural draftsperson, lithographer"", ""teachers_raw"": ""Horace Vernet,Pierre-Narcisse Guerin,"", ""painting_school"": null, ""styles_extended"": ""{Orientalism:5},{Realism:16},{Romanticism:90},{Unknown:6}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Romanticism:114}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": ""John Constable,Peter Paul Rubens,Michelangelo,Henry Fuseli,John Singleton Copley,"", ""influenced_on_raw"": ""Eugene Delacroix,Piotr Michałowski,Romanticism,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 117}","portraits/thumbs/Th_odore_G_ricault_thumb.jpg"
73,"Pablo Picasso",1881,1973,19,"portraits/Pablo_Picasso.jpg","Pablo Ruiz Picasso (25 October 1881 – 8 April 1973) was a Spanish painter and sculptor who spent most of his adult life in France. One of the most influential artists of the 20th century, he is known for co-founding the Cubist movement, the invention of constructed sculpture, the co-invention of collage, and for the wide variety of styles that he helped develop and explore.","Pablo Ruiz Picasso (25 October 1881 – 8 April 1973) was a Spanish painter and sculptor who spent most of his adult life in France. One of the most influential artists of the 20th century, he is known for co-founding the Cubist movement, the invention of constructed sculpture, the co-invention of collage, and for the wide variety of styles that he helped develop and explore. Among his most famous works are the proto-Cubist Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (1907) and the anti-war painting Guernica (1937), a dramatic portrayal of the bombing of Guernica by German and Italian air forces during the Spanish Civil War. His career spanned more than 76 years, from his late teens to his death in 1973.
Beginning his formal training under his father José Ruiz y Blasco aged seven, Picasso demonstrated extraordinary artistic talent from a young age, painting in a naturalistic manner through his childhood and adolescence. During the first decade of the 20th century, his style changed as he experimented with different theories, techniques, and ideas. After 1906, the Fauvist work of the older artist Henri Matisse motivated Picasso to explore more radical styles, beginning a fruitful rivalry between the two artists, who subsequently were often paired by critics as the leaders of modern art.
Picasso's output, especially in his early career, is often periodized. While the names of many of his later periods are debated, the most commonly accepted periods in his work are the Blue Period (1901–1904), the Rose Period (1904–1906), the African-influenced Period (1907–1909), Analytic Cubism (1909–1912), and Synthetic Cubism (1912–1919), also referred to as the Crystal period. Much of Picasso's work of the late 1910s and early 1920s is in a neoclassical style, and his work in the mid-1920s often has characteristics of Surrealism. His later work often combines elements of his earlier styles.
Exceptionally prolific throughout the course of his long life, Picasso achieved universal renown and immense fortune for his revolutionary artistic accomplishments, and became one of the best-known figures in 20th-century art.","Pablo Picasso",1800,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Academicism, Analytical Cubism, Art Nouveau (Modern), Cubism, Expressionism, Impressionism, Japonism, Naïve Art (Primitivism), Neoclassicism, Pointillism, Post-Impressionism, Realism, Surrealism, Symbolism, Synthetic Cubism, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""Post-Impressionism"", ""last_year"": 1972, ""birth_year"": 1881, ""death_year"": 1973, ""first_year"": 1691, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Málaga"", ""citizenship"": ""Spain"", ""death_place"": ""Mas Notre-Dame-de-Vie de Mougins"", ""nationality"": ""Spanish"", ""occupations"": ""screenwriter, photographer, graphic designer, illustrator, poster artist, painter, sculptor, costume designer, graphic artist, choreographer, jewelry designer, scenographer"", ""teachers_raw"": ""African Period,Neoclassicist & Surrealist Period,Early Years,"", ""painting_school"": ""École de Paris"", ""styles_extended"": ""{Academicism:1},{Analytical Cubism:48},{Art Nouveau (Modern):16},{Cubism:148},{Expressionism:190},{Impressionism:22},{Japonism:2},{Naïve Art (Primitivism):72},{Neoclassicism:74},{Pointillism:2},{Post-Impressionism:116},{Realism:26},{Surrealism:356},{Symbolism:31},{Synthetic Cubism:60},{Unknown:6}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Modern art:1},{Surrealism:1},{Cubism:1132}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": ""Marc Chagall,Henri Rousseau,El Greco,Francisco Goya,Paul Gauguin,Paul Cezanne,Henri Matisse,Auguste Rodin,Nicolas Poussin,Pierre-Auguste Renoir,"", ""influenced_on_raw"": ""Marc Chagall,Amedeo Modigliani,Willem de Kooning,Jasper Johns,Arshile Gorky,Lee Krasner,Jackson Pollock,Robert Delaunay,Piet Mondrian,Karel Appel,Balcomb Greene,Francis Bacon,David Alfaro Siqueiros,Salvador Dali,Tamara de Lempicka,Vilhelm Lundstrom,Cubism,Surrealism,Pop Art,Conceptual Art,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 1170}","portraits/thumbs/Pablo_Picasso_thumb.jpg"
68,"Max Ernst",1891,1976,24,"portraits/Max_Ernst.jpg","Max Ernst (; German: [ɛʁnst] 2 April 1891 – 1 April 1976) was a German-born painter, sculptor, printmaker, graphic artist, and poet. A prolific artist, Ernst was a primary pioneer of the Dada movement and surrealism in Europe.","Max Ernst (; German: [ɛʁnst] 2 April 1891 – 1 April 1976) was a German-born painter, sculptor, printmaker, graphic artist, and poet. A prolific artist, Ernst was a primary pioneer of the Dada movement and surrealism in Europe. He had no formal artistic training, but his experimental attitude toward the making of art resulted in his invention of frottage—a technique that uses pencil rubbings of textured objects and relief surfaces to create images—and grattage, an analogous technique in which paint is scraped across canvas to reveal the imprints of the objects placed beneath. Ernst is noted for his unconventional drawing methods as well as for creating novels and pamphlets using the method of collages. He served as a soldier for four years during World War I, which left him shocked, traumatised and critical of the modern world. During World War II he was designated an ""undesirable foreigner"" while living in France.
Ernst was born in Brühl. He began painting in 1909 while studying at the University of Bonn, and later joined the Die Rheinischen Expressionisten group of artists. Ernst's work often featured ironic juxtapositions of grotesque elements with cubist and expressionist motifs. He had a fascination with birds, often including his alter ego, Loplop, a bird, in his work. He eventually settled in France and achieved financial success in the 1950s. He died in Paris on 1 April 1976.","Max Ernst",1800,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Cubism, Dada, Expressionism, Metaphysical art, Naïve Art (Primitivism), Surrealism"", ""movement"": ""Dada"", ""last_year"": 1970, ""birth_year"": 1891, ""death_year"": 1976, ""first_year"": 1928, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Brühl"", ""citizenship"": ""United States of America"", ""death_place"": ""7th arrondissement of Paris"", ""nationality"": ""German"", ""occupations"": ""poet, psychiatrist, engraver, illustrator, painter, sculptor, graphic artist, jewelry designer, designer, printmaker, architectural draftsperson, drawer, lithographer, collagist"", ""teachers_raw"": null, ""painting_school"": ""Degenerate art"", ""styles_extended"": ""{Cubism:4},{Dada:24},{Expressionism:6},{Metaphysical art:7},{Naïve Art (Primitivism):5},{Surrealism:322}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Modern art:2},{Surrealism:1},{Dada,Surrealism:367}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": ""Arnold Böcklin,Salvador Dali,"", ""influenced_on_raw"": ""Karl Otto Gotz,Salvador Dali,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 368}","portraits/thumbs/Max_Ernst_thumb.jpg"
84,"René Magritte",1898,1967,24,"portraits/Ren__Magritte.jpg","René François Ghislain Magritte (French: [ʁəne fʁɑ̃swa ɡilɛ̃ maɡʁit]; 21 November 1898 – 15 August 1967) was a Belgian surrealist artist known for his depictions of familiar objects in unfamiliar, unexpected contexts, which often provoked questions about the nature and boundaries of reality and representation. His imagery has influenced pop art, minimalist art, and conceptual art.","René François Ghislain Magritte (French: [ʁəne fʁɑ̃swa ɡilɛ̃ maɡʁit]; 21 November 1898 – 15 August 1967) was a Belgian surrealist artist known for his depictions of familiar objects in unfamiliar, unexpected contexts, which often provoked questions about the nature and boundaries of reality and representation. His imagery has influenced pop art, minimalist art, and conceptual art.","René Magritte",1800,False,False,"{""gender"": null, ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Art Deco, Cubism, Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, Surrealism"", ""movement"": ""Surrealism"", ""last_year"": 1966, ""birth_year"": 1898, ""death_year"": null, ""first_year"": 1926, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Lessines"", ""citizenship"": null, ""death_place"": null, ""nationality"": ""Belgian"", ""occupations"": null, ""teachers_raw"": null, ""painting_school"": null, ""styles_extended"": ""{Art Deco:14},{Cubism:12},{Impressionism:2},{Post-Impressionism:4},{Surrealism:340}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Surrealism:370}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": ""Giorgio de Chirico,"", ""influenced_on_raw"": ""Neo Rauch,L. S. Lowry,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 372}","portraits/thumbs/Ren__Magritte_thumb.jpg"
93,"Umberto Boccioni",1882,1916,20,"portraits/Umberto_Boccioni.jpg","Umberto Boccioni (US: ; Italian: [umˈbɛrto botˈtʃoːni]; 19 October 1882 – 17 August 1916) was an influential Italian painter and sculptor. He helped shape the revolutionary aesthetic of the Futurism movement as one of its principal figures.","Umberto Boccioni (US: ; Italian: [umˈbɛrto botˈtʃoːni]; 19 October 1882 – 17 August 1916) was an influential Italian painter and sculptor. He helped shape the revolutionary aesthetic of the Futurism movement as one of its principal figures. Despite his short life, his approach to the dynamism of form and the deconstruction of solid mass guided artists long after his death. His works are held by many public art museums, and in 1988 the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City organized a major retrospective of 100 pieces.","Umberto Boccioni",1800,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Cubism, Divisionism, Expressionism, Futurism, Impressionism, Pointillism, Post-Impressionism, Realism, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""Futurism"", ""last_year"": 1916, ""birth_year"": 1882, ""death_year"": 1916, ""first_year"": 1906, ""pupils_raw"": ""Paesaggio (montuoso),Sintesi plastica - Persona seduta,Nudo (complementarismo plastico di forma-colore),Dinamismo de un jugador de fútbol,L'antigrazioso,Figura,La Risata,Notturno,Il lutto,La Madre,Il sogno (Paolo e Francesca),Fabbrica Foltzer,Veneriamo la madre,Automobile e Caccia alla volpe,"", ""birth_place"": ""Reggio Calabria"", ""citizenship"": ""Kingdom of Italy"", ""death_place"": ""Verona"", ""nationality"": ""Italian"", ""occupations"": ""photographer, painter, sculptor, graphic artist, art critic, printmaker, architectural draftsperson, drawer"", ""teachers_raw"": ""Artists2/Umberto Boccioni/Landscape Mountains 1916.jpg,Artists2/Umberto Boccioni/Nocturne 1911.jpg,Artists2/Umberto Boccioni/Factory Foltzer 1909.jpg,"", ""painting_school"": ""Milan Futurist Group,Lacerba"", ""styles_extended"": ""{Cubism:11},{Divisionism:15},{Expressionism:9},{Futurism:40},{Impressionism:8},{Pointillism:3},{Post-Impressionism:6},{Realism:3},{Unknown:3}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Modern art:1},{Futurism:101}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": ""David Alfaro Siqueiros,"", ""influenced_on_raw"": ""David Alfaro Siqueiros,forests-and-trees,female-nude,allegories-and-symbols,female-portraits,streets-and-squares,handwork,allegories-and-symbols,animals,allegories-and-symbols,horses,games-and-sport,allegories-and-symbols,gates-and-towers,dishware-and-cutlery,reading-and-writing,allegories-and-symbols,streets-and-squares,houses-and-buildings,couples,female-portraits,allegories-and-symbols,characters-and-emotions,celebrations-and-festivals,allegories-and-symbols,female-portraits,characters-and-emotions,characters-and-emotions,night,fields-and-plains,factories-and-plants,troubles-and-disasters,couples,fictional-characters,Paolo,Francesca,animals,horses,factories-and-plants,countryside,gardens-and-parks,male-portraits,famous-people,animals,dogs,roads-and-vehicles,foxes,rivers-and-waterfalls,walking,lonely figures,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 98}","portraits/thumbs/Umberto_Boccioni_thumb.jpg"
97,"Willem de Kooning",1904,1997,25,"portraits/Willem_de_Kooning.jpg","Willem de Kooning ( də KOO-ning, Dutch: [ˈʋɪləm də ˈkoːnɪŋ]; April 24, 1904 – March 19, 1997) was a Dutch-American abstract expressionist artist. S.","Willem de Kooning ( də KOO-ning, Dutch: [ˈʋɪləm də ˈkoːnɪŋ]; April 24, 1904 – March 19, 1997) was a Dutch-American abstract expressionist artist. Born in Rotterdam, in the Netherlands, he moved to the United States in 1926, becoming a U.S. citizen in 1962. In 1943, he married painter Elaine Fried.
In the years after World War II, De Kooning painted in a style that came to be referred to as abstract expressionism or ""action painting"", and was part of a group of artists that came to be known as the New York School. Other painters in this group included Jackson Pollock, Elaine de Kooning, Lee Krasner, Franz Kline, Arshile Gorky, Mark Rothko, Hans Hofmann, John Ferren, Nell Blaine, Conrad Marca-Relli, James Brooks, Adolph Gottlieb, Jack Tworkov, Norman Lewis, Anne Ryan, Robert Motherwell, Philip Guston, Clyfford Still, and Richard Pousette-Dart. De Kooning's retrospective held at MoMA in 2011–2012 rendered him one of the best-known artists of the 20th century.","Willem de Kooning",1900,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": null, ""movement"": ""{Modern art:1},{Contemporary art:1},{Abstract Expressionism:83}"", ""last_year"": 1987, ""birth_year"": 1904, ""death_year"": 1997, ""first_year"": 1939, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Rotterdam"", ""citizenship"": ""United States of America"", ""death_place"": ""East Hampton"", ""nationality"": null, ""occupations"": ""['painter', 'sculptor', 'university teacher', 'designer', 'printmaker', 'drawer']"", ""teachers_raw"": null, ""painting_school"": null, ""styles_extended"": null, ""art500k_movements"": null, ""influenced_by_raw"": null, ""influenced_on_raw"": null, ""wikiart_pictures_count"": null}","portraits/thumbs/Willem_de_Kooning_thumb.jpg"
5,"Andrea del Castagno",1421,1457,4,"portraits/Andrea_del_Castagno.jpg","Andrea del Castagno (Italian: [anˈdrɛːa del kaˈstaɲɲo]; c. 1419 – 19 August 1457), also known patronymically as Andrea di Bartolo di Bargilla (pronounced [anˈdrɛːa di ˈbartolo di barˈdʒilla]), was an Italian Renaissance painter in Florence, influenced chiefly by Masaccio and Giotto di Bondone.","Andrea del Castagno (Italian: [anˈdrɛːa del kaˈstaɲɲo]; c. 1419 – 19 August 1457), also known patronymically as Andrea di Bartolo di Bargilla (pronounced [anˈdrɛːa di ˈbartolo di barˈdʒilla]), was an Italian Renaissance painter in Florence, influenced chiefly by Masaccio and Giotto di Bondone. His works include frescoes in Sant'Apollonia in Florence and the painted equestrian monument of Niccolò da Tolentino (1456) in Florence Cathedral. He in turn influenced the Ferrarese school of Cosmè Tura, Francesco del Cossa and Ercole de' Roberti.","Andrea del Castagno",1400,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Early Renaissance, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""Early Renaissance"", ""last_year"": 1450, ""birth_year"": 1420, ""death_year"": 1423, ""first_year"": 1450, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""San Godenzo"", ""citizenship"": null, ""death_place"": ""Florence"", ""nationality"": ""Italian"", ""occupations"": ""painter"", ""teachers_raw"": null, ""painting_school"": ""Florentine School"", ""styles_extended"": ""{Early Renaissance:39},{Unknown:1}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Early Renaissance:40}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": ""Christianity,Jesus-Christ,Christianity,saints-and-apostles,God-the-Father,Virgin-Mary,"", ""influenced_on_raw"": ""Basilica di San Marco, Venice, Italy,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 40}","portraits/thumbs/Andrea_del_Castagno_thumb.jpg"
98,"Zeuxis",-500,-400,1,"portraits/Zeuxis.jpg","Zeuxis (; Ancient Greek: Ζεῦξις) (of Heraclea) was a late 5th-century- early 4th-century BCE Greek artist famed for his ability to create images that appeared highly realistic.  None of his works survive, but anecdotes about Zeuxis's art and life have been referenced often in the history and literature of art and in art theory.","Zeuxis (; Ancient Greek: Ζεῦξις) (of Heraclea) was a late 5th-century- early 4th-century BCE Greek artist famed for his ability to create images that appeared highly realistic.  None of his works survive, but anecdotes about Zeuxis's art and life have been referenced often in the history and literature of art and in art theory.
Much of the information about Zeuxis comes from Pliny the Elder's Natural History, but his work is also discussed by Xenophon and Aristotle.  One of the most famous stories about Zeuxis centers on an artistic competition with the artist Parrhasius to prove which artist could create a greater illusion of nature.  Zeuxis, Timanthes, and Parrhasius were painters of the Ionian School of painting.  The Ionian School flourished during the 4th century BCE.","Zeuxis (painter)",-500,False,False,NULL,"portraits/thumbs/Zeuxis_thumb.jpg"
70,"Nicolas Poussin",1594,1665,8,"portraits/Nicolas_Poussin.jpg","Nicolas Poussin (UK: , US: , French: [nikɔla pusɛ̃]; June 1594 – 19 November 1665) was a leading painter of the classical French Baroque style, although he spent most of his working life in Rome. Most of his works were on religious and mythological subjects painted for a small group of Italian and French collectors.","Nicolas Poussin (UK: , US: , French: [nikɔla pusɛ̃]; June 1594 – 19 November 1665) was a leading painter of the classical French Baroque style, although he spent most of his working life in Rome. Most of his works were on religious and mythological subjects painted for a small group of Italian and French collectors. He returned to Paris for a brief period to serve as First Painter to the King under Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu, but soon returned to Rome and resumed his more traditional themes. In his later years he gave growing prominence to the landscape in his paintings. His work is characterized by clarity, logic, and order, and favors line over color. Until the 20th century he remained a major inspiration for such classically-oriented artists as Jacques-Louis David, Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres and Paul Cézanne.
Details of Poussin's artistic training are somewhat obscure. Around 1612 he traveled to Paris, where he studied under minor masters and completed his earliest surviving works. His enthusiasm for the Italian works he saw in the royal collections in Paris motivated him to travel to Rome in 1624, where he studied the works of Renaissance and Baroque painters—especially Raphael, who had a powerful influence on his style. He befriended a number of artists who shared his classicizing tendencies, and met important patrons, such as Cardinal Francesco Barberini and the antiquarian Cassiano dal Pozzo. The commissions Poussin received for modestly scaled paintings of religious, mythological, and historical subjects allowed him to develop his individual style in works such as The Death of Germanicus, The Massacre of the Innocents, and the first of his two series of the Seven Sacraments.
He was persuaded to return to France in 1640 to be First Painter to the King but, dissatisfied with the overwhelming workload and the court intrigues, returned permanently to Rome after a little more than a year. Among the important works from his later years are Orion Blinded Searching for the Sun, Landscape with Hercules and Cacus, and The Seasons.","Nicolas Poussin",1600,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Baroque, Classicism, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""Baroque"", ""last_year"": 1665, ""birth_year"": 1594, ""death_year"": 1665, ""first_year"": 1624, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Les Andelys"", ""citizenship"": ""France"", ""death_place"": ""Rome"", ""nationality"": ""French"", ""occupations"": ""painter, graphic artist, architectural draftsperson"", ""teachers_raw"": ""Georges Lallemand,"", ""painting_school"": null, ""styles_extended"": ""{Baroque:51},{Classicism:112},{Unknown:10}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Baroque:118}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": ""Raphael,Pietro da Cortona,Titian,Guido Reni,"", ""influenced_on_raw"": ""Jacques-Louis David,Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres,Paul Cezanne,Sebastien Bourdon,Georges Seurat,Pablo Picasso,Georges Braque,Jean Hugo,Jean-Francois Millet,Camille Corot,Rosa Bonheur,Joseph Anton Koch,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 173}","portraits/thumbs/Nicolas_Poussin_thumb.jpg"
13,"Bronzino",1503,1572,7,"portraits/Bronzino.jpg","Agnolo di Cosimo (Italian: [ˈaɲɲolo di ˈkɔːzimo]; 17 November 1503 – 23 November 1572), usually known as Bronzino (Italian: Il Bronzino [il bronˈdziːno]) or Agnolo Bronzino, was an Italian Mannerist painter from Florence. His sobriquet, Bronzino, may refer to his relatively dark skin or reddish hair.","Agnolo di Cosimo (Italian: [ˈaɲɲolo di ˈkɔːzimo]; 17 November 1503 – 23 November 1572), usually known as Bronzino (Italian: Il Bronzino [il bronˈdziːno]) or Agnolo Bronzino, was an Italian Mannerist painter from Florence. His sobriquet, Bronzino, may refer to his relatively dark skin or reddish hair.
He lived all his life in Florence, and from his late 30s was kept busy as the court painter of Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany. He was mainly a portraitist, but also painted many religious subjects, and a few allegorical subjects, which include what is probably his best-known work, Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time, c. 1544–45, now in London. Many portraits of the Medicis exist in several versions with varying degrees of participation by Bronzino himself, as Cosimo was a pioneer of the copied portrait sent as a diplomatic gift.
He trained with Pontormo, the leading Florentine painter of the first generation of Mannerism, and his style was greatly influenced by him, but his elegant and somewhat elongated figures always appear calm and somewhat reserved, lacking the agitation and emotion of those by his teacher. They have often been found cold and artificial, and his reputation suffered from the general critical disfavour attached to Mannerism in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Recent decades have been more appreciative of his art.","Bronzino",1500,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": null, ""movement"": ""{Mannerism (Late Renaissance):84}"", ""last_year"": 1569, ""birth_year"": 1503, ""death_year"": 1572, ""first_year"": 1505, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Florence"", ""citizenship"": ""Italy"", ""death_place"": ""Florence"", ""nationality"": ""Italian"", ""occupations"": ""['poet', 'painter', 'architectural draftsperson']"", ""teachers_raw"": null, ""painting_school"": ""Florentine School"", ""styles_extended"": null, ""art500k_movements"": null, ""influenced_by_raw"": null, ""influenced_on_raw"": null, ""wikiart_pictures_count"": null}","portraits/thumbs/Bronzino_thumb.jpg"
30,"Francis Picabia",1879,1953,23,"portraits/Francis_Picabia.jpg","Francis Picabia (French: [fʁɑ̃sis pikabja]: born Francis-Marie Martinez de Picabia; 22 January 1879 – 30 November 1953) was a French avant-garde painter, writer, filmmaker, magazine publisher, poet, and typographist closely associated with Dada.
When considering the many styles that Picabia painted in, observers have described his career as ""shape-shifting"" or ""kaleidoscopic"".","Francis Picabia (French: [fʁɑ̃sis pikabja]: born Francis-Marie Martinez de Picabia; 22 January 1879 – 30 November 1953) was a French avant-garde painter, writer, filmmaker, magazine publisher, poet, and typographist closely associated with Dada.
When considering the many styles that Picabia painted in, observers have described his career as ""shape-shifting"" or ""kaleidoscopic"". After experimenting with Impressionism and Pointillism, Picabia became associated with Cubism. His highly abstract planar compositions were colourful and rich in contrasts. He was one of the early major figures of the Dada movement in the United States and in France before denouncing it in 1921. He was later briefly associated with Surrealism, but would soon turn his back on the art establishment.","Francis Picabia",1800,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Abstract Art, Cubism, Dada, Divisionism, Expressionism, Fauvism, Impressionism, Kitsch, Orphism, Surrealism, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""Abstract Art"", ""last_year"": 1951, ""birth_year"": 1879, ""death_year"": 1953, ""first_year"": 1898, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Paris"", ""citizenship"": ""France"", ""death_place"": ""Paris"", ""nationality"": ""French"", ""occupations"": ""screenwriter, writer, poet, painter, sculptor, drawer"", ""teachers_raw"": null, ""painting_school"": ""École de Paris,Section d'Or (Puteaux Group)"", ""styles_extended"": ""{Abstract Art:12},{Cubism:6},{Dada:14},{Divisionism:3},{Expressionism:18},{Fauvism:1},{Impressionism:22},{Kitsch:19},{Orphism:1},{Surrealism:34},{Unknown:1}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Cubism:1},{Dada:1},{Modern art:1},{Dada,Surrealism:131}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": null, ""influenced_on_raw"": null, ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 131}","portraits/thumbs/Francis_Picabia_thumb.jpg"
3,"Alphonse Mucha",1860,1939,16,"portraits/Alphonse_Mucha.jpg","Alfons Maria Mucha (Czech: [ˈalfons ˈmuxa] ; 24 July 1860 – 14 July 1939), known in English as Alphonse Mucha, was a Czech painter, illustrator, and graphic artist. Living in Paris during the Art Nouveau period, he was widely known for his distinctly stylised and decorative theatrical posters, particularly those of Sarah Bernhardt.","Alfons Maria Mucha (Czech: [ˈalfons ˈmuxa] ; 24 July 1860 – 14 July 1939), known in English as Alphonse Mucha, was a Czech painter, illustrator, and graphic artist. Living in Paris during the Art Nouveau period, he was widely known for his distinctly stylised and decorative theatrical posters, particularly those of Sarah Bernhardt. He produced illustrations, advertisements, decorative panels, as well as designs, which became among the best-known images of the period.
In the second part of his career, at the age of 57, he returned to his homeland and devoted himself to a series of twenty monumental symbolist canvases known as The Slav Epic, depicting the history of all the Slavic peoples of the world, which he painted between 1912 and 1926. In 1928, on the 10th anniversary of the independence of Czechoslovakia, he presented the series to the Czech nation. He considered it his most important work.","Alphonse Mucha",1800,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Art Nouveau (Modern), Romanticism, Symbolism"", ""movement"": ""Art Nouveau"", ""last_year"": 1938, ""birth_year"": 1860, ""death_year"": 1939, ""first_year"": 1894, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Ivančice"", ""citizenship"": ""Nazi Germany"", ""death_place"": ""Prague"", ""nationality"": ""Czech"", ""occupations"": ""photographer, teacher, graphic designer, illustrator, poster artist, painter, university teacher, graphic artist, postage stamp designer"", ""teachers_raw"": null, ""painting_school"": null, ""styles_extended"": ""{Art Nouveau (Modern):141},{Romanticism:18},{Symbolism:12}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Art Nouveau:151}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": null, ""influenced_on_raw"": ""J. C. Leyendecker,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 171}","portraits/thumbs/Alphonse_Mucha_thumb.jpg"
34,"Georges Seurat",1859,1891,14,"portraits/Georges_Seurat.jpg","Georges Pierre Seurat (UK:  SUR-ah, -⁠ə, US:  suu-RAH; French: [ʒɔʁʒ pjɛʁ sœʁa]; 2 December 1859 – 29 March 1891) was a French post-Impressionist artist. He devised the painting techniques known as chromoluminarism and pointillism and used conté crayon for drawings on paper with a rough surface.","Georges Pierre Seurat (UK:  SUR-ah, -⁠ə, US:  suu-RAH; French: [ʒɔʁʒ pjɛʁ sœʁa]; 2 December 1859 – 29 March 1891) was a French post-Impressionist artist. He devised the painting techniques known as chromoluminarism and pointillism and used conté crayon for drawings on paper with a rough surface.
Seurat's artistic personality combined qualities that are usually thought of as opposed and incompatible: on the one hand, his extreme and delicate sensibility, on the other, a passion for logical abstraction and an almost mathematical precision of mind. His large-scale work A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte (1884–1886) altered the direction of modern art by initiating Neo-Impressionism, and is one of the icons of late 19th-century painting.","Georges Seurat",1800,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Impressionism, Neo-Impressionism, Neoclassicism, Pointillism, Post-Impressionism, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""Neo-Impressionism"", ""last_year"": 1890, ""birth_year"": 1859, ""death_year"": 1891, ""first_year"": 1877, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Paris"", ""citizenship"": ""France"", ""death_place"": ""Paris"", ""nationality"": ""French"", ""occupations"": ""painter, architectural draftsperson, drawer"", ""teachers_raw"": null, ""painting_school"": ""Société des Artistes Indépendants (Society of Independent Artists)"", ""styles_extended"": ""{Impressionism:29},{Neo-Impressionism:92},{Neoclassicism:2},{Pointillism:1},{Post-Impressionism:42},{Unknown:7}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Neo-impressionism:2},{Post-Impressionism:176},{Modern art:3}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": ""Nicolas Poussin,Jean-Francois Millet,"", ""influenced_on_raw"": ""Charles Angrand,Edvard Munch,Childe Hassam,Robert Delaunay,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 173}","portraits/thumbs/Georges_Seurat_thumb.jpg"
44,"Henri Matisse",1869,1954,17,"portraits/Henri_Matisse.jpg","Henri Émile Benoît Matisse (French: [ɑ̃ʁi emil bənwa matis]; 31 December 1869 – 3 November 1954) was a French visual artist, known for both his use of colour and his fluid and original draughtsmanship. He was a draughtsman, printmaker, and sculptor, but is known primarily as a painter.","Henri Émile Benoît Matisse (French: [ɑ̃ʁi emil bənwa matis]; 31 December 1869 – 3 November 1954) was a French visual artist, known for both his use of colour and his fluid and original draughtsmanship. He was a draughtsman, printmaker, and sculptor, but is known primarily as a painter.
Matisse is commonly regarded, along with Pablo Picasso, as one of the artists who best helped to define the revolutionary developments in the visual arts throughout the opening decades of the twentieth century, responsible for significant developments in painting and sculpture.
The intense colourism of the works he painted between 1900 and 1905 brought him notoriety as one of the Fauves (French for ""wild beasts""). Many of his finest works were created in the decade or so after 1906, when he developed a rigorous style that emphasized flattened forms and decorative pattern. In 1917, he relocated to a suburb of Nice on the French Riviera, and the more relaxed style of his work during the 1920s gained him critical acclaim as an upholder of the classical tradition in French painting. After 1930, he adopted a bolder simplification of form. When ill health in his final years prevented him from painting, he created an important body of work in the medium of cut paper collage.
His mastery of the expressive language of colour and drawing, displayed in a body of work spanning over a half-century, won him recognition as a leading figure in modern art.","Henri Matisse",1800,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Abstract Art, Abstract Expressionism, Color Field Painting, Contemporary Realism, Cubism, Divisionism, Expressionism, Fauvism, Figurative Expressionism, Impressionism, Neo-Impressionism, Orientalism, Post-Impressionism, Realism, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""Impressionism"", ""last_year"": 1953, ""birth_year"": 1869, ""death_year"": 1954, ""first_year"": 1890, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Le Cateau-Cambrésis"", ""citizenship"": ""France"", ""death_place"": ""Nice"", ""nationality"": ""French"", ""occupations"": ""painter, sculptor, ceramicist, printmaker, drawer, lithographer"", ""teachers_raw"": null, ""painting_school"": ""École de Paris,Les Fauves"", ""styles_extended"": ""{Abstract Art:3},{Abstract Expressionism:44},{Color Field Painting:2},{Contemporary Realism:5},{Cubism:9},{Divisionism:1},{Expressionism:278},{Fauvism:258},{Figurative Expressionism:1},{Impressionism:67},{Neo-Impressionism:11},{Orientalism:13},{Post-Impressionism:152},{Realism:29},{Unknown:135}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Impressionism,Post-Impressionism:977}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": ""Edvard Munch,Pierre-Auguste Renoir,Alfred Sisley,"", ""influenced_on_raw"": ""Marc Chagall,Pablo Picasso,Lee Krasner,Max Pechstein,Fernand Leger,Chaim Soutine,Karel Appel,Balcomb Greene,Man Ray,Mikhail Larionov,Guan Zilan,Carlos Nadal,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 1008}","portraits/thumbs/Henri_Matisse_thumb.jpg"
54,"Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres",1780,1867,10,"portraits/Jean-Auguste-Dominique_Ingres.jpg","Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres ( ANG-grə; French: [ʒɑ̃ oɡyst dɔminik ɛ̃ɡʁ]; 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867) was a French Neoclassical painter. Ingres was profoundly influenced by past artistic traditions and aspired to become the guardian of academic orthodoxy against the ascendant Romantic style.","Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres ( ANG-grə; French: [ʒɑ̃ oɡyst dɔminik ɛ̃ɡʁ]; 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867) was a French Neoclassical painter. Ingres was profoundly influenced by past artistic traditions and aspired to become the guardian of academic orthodoxy against the ascendant Romantic style. Although he considered himself a painter of history in the tradition of Nicolas Poussin and Jacques-Louis David, it is his portraits, both painted and drawn, that are recognized as his greatest legacy. His expressive distortions of form and space made him an important precursor of modern art, influencing Henri Matisse, Pablo Picasso, and other modernists.
Born into a modest family in Montauban, he travelled to Paris to study in the studio of David. In 1802 he made his Salon debut, and won the Prix de Rome for his painting The Ambassadors of Agamemnon in the tent of Achilles. By the time he departed in 1806 for his residency in Rome, his style—revealing his close study of Italian and Flemish Renaissance masters—was fully developed, and would change little for the rest of his life. While working in Rome and subsequently Florence from 1806 to 1824, he regularly sent paintings to the Paris Salon, where they were faulted by critics who found his style bizarre and archaic. He received few commissions during this period for the history paintings he aspired to paint, but was able to support himself and his wife as a portrait painter and draughtsman.
He was finally recognized at the Salon in 1824, when his Raphaelesque painting, The Vow of Louis XIII, was met with acclaim, and Ingres was acknowledged as the leader of the Neoclassical school in France. Although the income from commissions for history paintings allowed him to paint fewer portraits, his Portrait of Monsieur Bertin marked his next popular success in 1833. The following year, his indignation at the harsh criticism of his ambitious composition The Martyrdom of Saint Symphorian caused him to return to Italy, where he assumed directorship of the French Academy in Rome in 1835. He returned to Paris for good in 1841. In his later years he painted new versions of many of his earlier compositions, a series of designs for stained glass windows, several important portraits of women, and The Turkish Bath, the last of his several Orientalist paintings of the female nude, which he finished at the age of 83.","Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres",1700,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Neoclassicism, Orientalism, Romanticism, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""Neoclassicism"", ""last_year"": 1867, ""birth_year"": 1780, ""death_year"": 1867, ""first_year"": 1797, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Montauban"", ""citizenship"": ""France"", ""death_place"": ""Paris"", ""nationality"": ""French"", ""occupations"": ""drawer"", ""teachers_raw"": ""Jacques-Louis David,Académie des Beaux-Arts, Paris, France,École des Beaux-Arts, Paris, France,"", ""painting_school"": null, ""styles_extended"": ""{Neoclassicism:270},{Orientalism:3},{Romanticism:2},{Unknown:31}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Neoclassicism:286}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": ""Nicolas Poussin,"", ""influenced_on_raw"": ""Tamara de Lempicka,Mark Ryden,Paul Gauguin,Edgar Degas,Pierre-Auguste Renoir,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 306}","portraits/thumbs/Jean-Auguste-Dominique_Ingres_thumb.jpg"
83,"Rembrandt",1606,1669,8,"portraits/Rembrandt.jpg","Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (15 July 1606 – 4 October 1669), known mononymously as Rembrandt, was a Dutch Golden Age painter, printmaker, and draughtsman. He is generally considered one of the greatest visual artists in the history of Western art.","Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (15 July 1606 – 4 October 1669), known mononymously as Rembrandt, was a Dutch Golden Age painter, printmaker, and draughtsman. He is generally considered one of the greatest visual artists in the history of Western art. It is estimated that Rembrandt's surviving works amount to about three hundred paintings, three hundred etchings, and several hundred drawings.
Unlike most Dutch painters of the 17th century, Rembrandt's works depict a wide range of styles and subject matter, from portraits and self-portraits to landscapes, genre scenes, allegorical and historical scenes, biblical and mythological subjects and animal studies. His contributions to art came in a period that historians call the Dutch Golden Age.
Rembrandt never went abroad, but was considerably influenced by the work of the Italian Old Masters and Dutch and Flemish artists who had studied in Italy.  After he achieved youthful success as a portrait painter, Rembrandt's later years were marked by personal tragedy and financial hardships. Yet his etchings and paintings were popular throughout his lifetime, his reputation as an artist remained high, and for twenty years he taught many important Dutch painters. Rembrandt's portraits of his contemporaries, self-portraits and illustrations of scenes from the Bible are regarded as his greatest creative triumphs. His approximately 100 self-portraits, over 40 of which are paintings, form an intimate autobiography.","Rembrandt",1600,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Baroque, Tenebrism, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""Baroque"", ""last_year"": 1700, ""birth_year"": 1606, ""death_year"": 1669, ""first_year"": 1600, ""pupils_raw"": ""Carel Fabritius,Nicolaes Maes,Gerrit Dou,Samuel Dirksz van Hoogstraten,Ferdinand Bol,"", ""birth_place"": ""Leiden"", ""citizenship"": ""Dutch Republic"", ""death_place"": ""Amsterdam"", ""nationality"": ""Dutch"", ""occupations"": ""painter, collector, art collector, etcher, printmaker, drawer"", ""teachers_raw"": null, ""painting_school"": ""Dutch School"", ""styles_extended"": ""{Baroque:587},{Tenebrism:128},{Unknown:52}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Dutch Golden Age:15},{Baroque:781}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": ""Peter Paul Rubens,Caravaggio,Titian,Caravaggisti,"", ""influenced_on_raw"": ""Carel Fabritius,Giovanni Battista Tiepolo,Gustave Courbet,Chaim Soutine,Francis Bacon,Ilya Repin,Andrea Mantegna,Peredvizhniki (Society for Traveling Art Exhibitions),Ferdinand Bol,Piotr Michałowski,Odd Nerdrum,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 767}","portraits/thumbs/Rembrandt_thumb.jpg"
88,"Sandro Botticelli",1445,1510,4,"portraits/Sandro_Botticelli.jpg","Alessandro di Mariano di Vanni Filipepi (c. 1445 – May 17, 1510), better known as Sandro Botticelli ( BOT-ih-CHEL-ee; Italian: [ˈsandro bottiˈtʃɛlli]) or simply Botticelli, was an Italian painter of the Early Renaissance.","Alessandro di Mariano di Vanni Filipepi (c. 1445 – May 17, 1510), better known as Sandro Botticelli ( BOT-ih-CHEL-ee; Italian: [ˈsandro bottiˈtʃɛlli]) or simply Botticelli, was an Italian painter of the Early Renaissance. Botticelli's posthumous reputation suffered until the late 19th century, when he was rediscovered by the Pre-Raphaelites who stimulated a reappraisal of his work. Since then, his paintings have been seen to represent the linear grace of late Italian Gothic and some Early Renaissance painting, even though they date from the latter half of the Italian Renaissance period.
In addition to the mythological subjects for which he is best known today, Botticelli painted a wide range of religious subjects (including dozens of renditions of the Madonna and Child, many in the round tondo shape) and also some portraits. His best-known works are The Birth of Venus and Primavera, both in the Uffizi in Florence, which holds many of Botticelli's works. Botticelli lived all his life in the same neighbourhood of Florence; his only significant times elsewhere were the months he spent painting in Pisa in 1474 and the Sistine Chapel in Rome in 1481–82.
Only one of Botticelli's paintings, the Mystic Nativity (National Gallery, London) is inscribed with a date (1501), but others can be dated with varying degrees of certainty on the basis of archival records, so the development of his style can be traced with some confidence. He was an independent master for all the 1470s, which saw his reputation soar. The 1480s were his most successful decade, the one in which his large mythological paintings were completed along with many of his most famous Madonnas. By the 1490s, his style became more personal and to some extent mannered. His last works show him moving in a direction opposite to that of Leonardo da Vinci (seven years his junior) and the new generation of painters creating the High Renaissance style, and instead returning to a style that many have described as more Gothic or ""archaic"".","Sandro Botticelli",1400,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Early Renaissance, Renaissance, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""Early Renaissance"", ""last_year"": 1510, ""birth_year"": 1445, ""death_year"": 1510, ""first_year"": 1465, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Florence"", ""citizenship"": null, ""death_place"": ""Florence"", ""nationality"": ""Italian"", ""occupations"": ""painter, architectural draftsperson, drawer, fresco painter"", ""teachers_raw"": ""Filippo Lippi,"", ""painting_school"": ""Florentine School"", ""styles_extended"": ""{Early Renaissance:97},{Renaissance:8},{Unknown:32}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Early Renaissance:135}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": ""Masaccio,"", ""influenced_on_raw"": ""Walter Crane,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 137}","portraits/thumbs/Sandro_Botticelli_thumb.jpg"
4,"André Derain",1880,1954,17,"portraits/Andr__Derain.jpg","André Derain (; French: [ɑ̃dʁe dəʁɛ̃]; 17 June 1880 – 8 September 1954) was a French artist, painter, sculptor and co-founder, with Henri Matisse, of Fauvism. His paintings of 1905–1906 are characterized by riotous colourism in the Fauve style.","André Derain (; French: [ɑ̃dʁe dəʁɛ̃]; 17 June 1880 – 8 September 1954) was a French artist, painter, sculptor and co-founder, with Henri Matisse, of Fauvism. His paintings of 1905–1906 are characterized by riotous colourism in the Fauve style. By 1910, however, his work had become more austere as a result of his study of Cézanne and the old masters. After the First World War, Derain became one of the leaders of the new classicism in the arts known as the Return to order.","André Derain",1800,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Cubism, Divisionism, Expressionism, Fauvism, Naïve Art (Primitivism), Neo-Impressionism, Neoclassicism, Post-Impressionism, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""Post-Impressionism"", ""last_year"": 1953, ""birth_year"": 1880, ""death_year"": 1954, ""first_year"": 1899, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Chatou"", ""citizenship"": ""France"", ""death_place"": ""Garches"", ""nationality"": ""French"", ""occupations"": ""architectural draftsperson, drawer, photographer, engraver, illustrator, painter, sculptor, costume designer, graphic artist, choreographer, jewelry designer, scenographer, designer, printmaker"", ""teachers_raw"": null, ""painting_school"": ""Les Fauves"", ""styles_extended"": ""{Cubism:13},{Divisionism:2},{Expressionism:28},{Fauvism:17},{Naïve Art (Primitivism):2},{Neo-Impressionism:18},{Neoclassicism:33},{Post-Impressionism:22},{Unknown:1}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Post-Impressionism:129}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": null, ""influenced_on_raw"": ""Mikhail Larionov,Emily Carr,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 136}","portraits/thumbs/Andr__Derain_thumb.jpg"
7,"Andy Warhol",1928,1987,26,"portraits/Andy_Warhol.jpg","; August 6, 1928 – February 22, 1987) was an American artist and filmmaker. Widely regarded as the most important artist of the second half of the 20th century, Warhol's practice spanned various media, including painting, filmmaking, photography, publishing, and performance art.","Andy Warhol ( ; born Andrew Warhola Jr.; August 6, 1928 – February 22, 1987) was an American artist and filmmaker. Widely regarded as the most important artist of the second half of the 20th century, Warhol's practice spanned various media, including painting, filmmaking, photography, publishing, and performance art. A leading figure in the Pop art movement, his work explores the relationship between advertising, consumerism, mass media, and celebrity culture. His embrace of mechanical reproduction challenged traditional boundaries between high and low culture. He is also credited with popularizing the expression ""15 minutes of fame.""
Born to working-class Rusyn immigrant parents in Pittsburgh, Warhol began his career as a commercial artist in New York before transitioning to fine art. Among his best-known early silkscreen paintings are Campbell's Soup Can (1962), Marilyn Diptych (1962), and Coca-Cola (3) (1962). In the mid-1960s, Warhol began devoting his attention to creating experimental films such as Blow Job (1964) and Empire (1965). He subsequently directed a number of underground films—including Chelsea Girls (1966), Four Stars (1967), and Blue Movie (1969)—featuring a shifting group of personalities known as Warhol superstars. His studio, the Factory, became a hub for avant-garde experimentation, bringing together drag queens, poets, bohemians, musicians, and wealthy patrons. Warhol also managed the influential rock band the Velvet Underground, who performed at his Exploding Plastic Inevitable (1966–67) multimedia events.
After Warhol survived an assassination attempt in 1968, the Factory evolved into a business enterprise. He founded Interview magazine, produced the play Pork (1971), and published various books such as The Philosophy of Andy Warhol (1975) and Popism (1980). He executed several series of paintings—notably Mao (1972–73), Athletes (1977), and Last Supper (1985–86)—and commissioned portraiture, while expanding into television with Andy Warhol's TV (1980–83) and Andy Warhol's Fifteen Minutes (1985–87). He meticulously documented his social life through photography and daily recordings, published posthumously as The Andy Warhol Diaries (1989). Warhol died of cardiac arrhythmia at the age of 58 following gallbladder surgery in 1987.
Warhol has been described as the ""bellwether of the art market"", with several of his works ranking among the most expensive paintings ever sold. In 2013, Silver Car Crash (Double Disaster) (1963) sold for $105 million. In 2022, Shot Sage Blue Marilyn (1964) sold for $195 million, the highest price ever paid at auction for a work by an American artist. Warhol has been the subject of numerous retrospective exhibitions, books, and documentary films. The Andy Warhol Museum in Pittsburgh, which holds an extensive permanent collection of his art and archives, is the largest in the United States dedicated to a single artist.","Andy Warhol",1900,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Abstract Expressionism, Naïve Art (Primitivism), Pop Art, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""Pop Art"", ""last_year"": 1988, ""birth_year"": 1928, ""death_year"": 1987, ""first_year"": 1953, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Pittsburgh"", ""citizenship"": ""United States of America"", ""death_place"": ""New York City"", ""nationality"": ""American"", ""occupations"": ""drawer, installation artist, diarist, producer, screenwriter, photographer, merchant, cinematographer, author, illustrator, painter, sculptor, filmmaker, graphic artist, film director, film producer, visual artist, designer, performance artist, printmaker"", ""teachers_raw"": null, ""painting_school"": ""The Factory"", ""styles_extended"": ""{Abstract Expressionism:3},{Naïve Art (Primitivism):1},{Pop Art:224},{Unknown:3}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Pop Art:222}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": ""Robert Rauschenberg,Jasper Johns,Marcel Duchamp,Frank Stella,John Cage,Georgia O'Keeffe,Man Ray,Dada,Abstract Expressionism,"", ""influenced_on_raw"": ""Damien Hirst,Jeff Koons,Gerhard Richter,Pop Art,Neo-Expressionism,Wolfgang Tillmans,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 231}","portraits/thumbs/Andy_Warhol_thumb.jpg"
11,"Artemisia Gentileschi",1593,1656,8,"portraits/Artemisia_Gentileschi.jpg","Artemisia Lomi Gentileschi (US:  JEN-til-ESK-ee, -⁠teel-; Italian: [arteˈmiːzja ˈlɔːmi dʒentiˈleski]; 8 July 1593 – after January 1654) was an Italian Baroque painter. Gentileschi is considered among the most accomplished 17th-century artists, initially working in the style of Caravaggio.","Artemisia Lomi Gentileschi (US:  JEN-til-ESK-ee, -⁠teel-; Italian: [arteˈmiːzja ˈlɔːmi dʒentiˈleski]; 8 July 1593 – after January 1654) was an Italian Baroque painter. Gentileschi is considered among the most accomplished 17th-century artists, initially working in the style of Caravaggio. She was producing professional work by the age of 15. In an era when women had few opportunities to pursue artistic training or work as professional artists, Gentileschi was the first woman to become a member of the Accademia di Arte del Disegno in Florence and she had an international clientele. Gentileschi worked as an expatriate painter in the court of Charles I of England from 1638 to 1642, but she is thought to have fled the country in the early phases of the English Civil War. Her whereabouts over the following years are unknown, but she resurfaced in Naples during 1649. Her last known letter to one of her mentors was dated to 1650 and it indicates that she was still working as an artist. Her time of death is disputed, but her last known commission was in January 1654.
Many of Gentileschi's paintings feature women from myths, allegories, and the Bible, including victims, suicides, and warriors. Some of her best-known subjects are Susanna and the Elders (particularly 1610 version in Schloss Weißenstein, Pommersfelden), Judith Slaying Holofernes (her 1614–1620 version is in the Uffizi gallery), and Judith and Her Maidservant (her 1625 work is in the Detroit Institute of Arts).

Gentileschi was known for being able to depict the female figure with great naturalism and for her skill in handling colour to express dimension and drama.
Her achievements as an artist were long overshadowed by the story of her rape at around 18 years old by Agostino Tassi and her being tortured to give evidence during his subsequent trial. For many years Gentileschi was regarded as a curiosity, but her life and art have been reexamined by scholars in the 20th and 21st centuries, with the recognition of her talents exemplified by major exhibitions at internationally esteemed fine art institutions, such as the National Gallery in London.","Artemisia Gentileschi",1500,False,False,"{""gender"": ""female"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Baroque, Tenebrism, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""Baroque"", ""last_year"": 1649, ""birth_year"": 1596, ""death_year"": 1653, ""first_year"": 1610, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Rome"", ""citizenship"": null, ""death_place"": ""Naples"", ""nationality"": ""Italian"", ""occupations"": ""artist, painter"", ""teachers_raw"": ""Orazio Gentileschi,"", ""painting_school"": ""Florentine School,Caravaggisti"", ""styles_extended"": ""{Baroque:7},{Tenebrism:5},{Unknown:9}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Baroque:19}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": ""Caravaggio,"", ""influenced_on_raw"": null, ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 21}","portraits/thumbs/Artemisia_Gentileschi_thumb.jpg"
12,"Aubrey Beardsley",1872,1898,16,"portraits/Aubrey_Beardsley.jpg","Aubrey Vincent Beardsley ( BEERDZ-lee; 21 August 1872 – 16 March 1898) was an English illustrator and author. His black ink drawings were influenced by Japanese woodcuts, and depicted the grotesque, the decadent, and the erotic.","Aubrey Vincent Beardsley ( BEERDZ-lee; 21 August 1872 – 16 March 1898) was an English illustrator and author. His black ink drawings were influenced by Japanese woodcuts, and depicted the grotesque, the decadent, and the erotic. He was a leading figure in the aesthetic movement, which also included Oscar Wilde and James McNeill Whistler. Beardsley's contribution to the development of the Art Nouveau and poster styles was significant despite his early death from tuberculosis. He is one of the important Modern Style figures.","Aubrey Beardsley",1800,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Art Nouveau (Modern)"", ""movement"": ""Art Nouveau"", ""last_year"": 1898, ""birth_year"": 1872, ""death_year"": 1898, ""first_year"": 1892, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Brighton"", ""citizenship"": ""United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"", ""death_place"": ""Menton"", ""nationality"": ""British"", ""occupations"": ""exlibrist, lithographer, painter, poster artist, illustrator, author, poet, writer"", ""teachers_raw"": null, ""painting_school"": null, ""styles_extended"": ""{Art Nouveau (Modern):239}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Aestheticism,Art Nouveau:239}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": null, ""influenced_on_raw"": ""Vsevolod Maksymovych,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 239}","portraits/thumbs/Aubrey_Beardsley_thumb.jpg"
94,"Vincent van Gogh",1853,1890,14,"portraits/Vincent_van_Gogh.jpg","Vincent Willem van Gogh (Dutch: [ˈvɪnsɛnt ˈʋɪləɱ vɑŋ ˈɣɔx] ; 30 March 1853 – 29 July 1890) was a Dutch Post-Impressionist painter who is among the most famous and influential figures in the history of Western art. In just over a decade he created about 2,100 artworks, including around 860 oil paintings, most of them in the last two years of his life.","Vincent Willem van Gogh (Dutch: [ˈvɪnsɛnt ˈʋɪləɱ vɑŋ ˈɣɔx] ; 30 March 1853 – 29 July 1890) was a Dutch Post-Impressionist painter who is among the most famous and influential figures in the history of Western art. In just over a decade he created about 2,100 artworks, including around 860 oil paintings, most of them in the last two years of his life. They include landscapes, still lifes, portraits and self-portraits, and are characterised by bold colours and dramatic, impulsive and expressive brushwork that contributed to the foundations of modern art. His suicide at 37 followed years of mental illness and poverty.
Born into an upper-middle-class family, Van Gogh drew as a child and was serious, quiet and thoughtful. As a young man he worked as an art dealer, often travelling, but became depressed after he was transferred to London. He turned to religion, and spent time as a Protestant missionary in southern Belgium. He drifted in ill health and solitude before taking up painting in 1881, having moved back home with his parents. His younger brother Theo supported him financially, and the two kept up a long correspondence by letter. His early works, mostly still lifes and depictions of peasant labourers, contain few signs of the vivid colour that distinguished his later work. In 1886, he moved to Paris, where he met members of the avant-garde, including Émile Bernard and Paul Gauguin, who were reacting against the Impressionist sensibility. As his work developed he created a new approach to still lifes and local landscapes. His paintings grew brighter in colour as he developed a style that became fully realised during his stay in Arles in the south of France in 1888. During this period he broadened his subject matter to include series of olive trees, wheat fields and sunflowers.
Van Gogh suffered from psychotic episodes and delusions and though he worried about his mental stability, he often neglected his physical health, did not eat properly and drank heavily. His friendship with Gauguin ended after a confrontation with a razor, when in a rage, he severed part of his own left ear. He spent time in psychiatric hospitals, including a period at Saint-Rémy. After he discharged himself and moved to the Auberge Ravoux in Auvers-sur-Oise near Paris, he came under the care of the homoeopathic doctor Paul Gachet. His depression continued and on 27 July 1890, Van Gogh shot himself in the chest with a revolver. He died from his injuries two days later.
Van Gogh was unsuccessful during his lifetime and was considered a madman and a failure. He became famous after his suicide, and exists in the public imagination as the quintessential misunderstood genius, the artist ""where discourses on madness and creativity converge"". His reputation began to grow in the early 20th century as elements of his painting style came to be incorporated by the Fauves and German Expressionists. He attained widespread critical, commercial and popular success over the ensuing decades, and is remembered as an important but tragic painter, whose troubled personality typifies the romantic ideal of the tortured artist.","Vincent van Gogh",1800,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Cloisonnism, Impressionism, Japonism, Neo-Impressionism, Pointillism, Post-Impressionism, Realism, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""Post-Impressionism"", ""last_year"": 1890, ""birth_year"": 1853, ""death_year"": 1890, ""first_year"": 1882, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Zundert"", ""citizenship"": ""Kingdom of the Netherlands"", ""death_place"": ""Auvers-sur-Oise"", ""nationality"": null, ""occupations"": ""painter, printmaker, drawer, art dealer"", ""teachers_raw"": null, ""painting_school"": null, ""styles_extended"": ""{Cloisonnism:11},{Impressionism:2},{Japonism:15},{Neo-Impressionism:83},{Pointillism:3},{Post-Impressionism:924},{Realism:887},{Unknown:6}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Neo-impressionism:2},{Post-Impressionism:2}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": null, ""influenced_on_raw"": null, ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 1931}","portraits/thumbs/Vincent_van_Gogh_thumb.jpg"
16,"Caspar David Friedrich",1774,1840,11,"portraits/Caspar_David_Friedrich.jpg","Caspar David Friedrich (German: [ˌkaspaʁ ˌdaːvɪt ˈfʁiːdʁɪç] ; 5 September 1774 – 7 May 1840) was a German Romantic landscape painter, generally considered the most important German artist of his generation, whose often symbolic, and anti-classical work, conveys a subjective, emotional response to the natural world. Friedrich's paintings often set contemplative human figures silhouetted against night skies, morning mists, barren trees or Gothic ruins.","Caspar David Friedrich (German: [ˌkaspaʁ ˌdaːvɪt ˈfʁiːdʁɪç] ; 5 September 1774 – 7 May 1840) was a German Romantic landscape painter, generally considered the most important German artist of his generation, whose often symbolic, and anti-classical work, conveys a subjective, emotional response to the natural world. Friedrich's paintings often set contemplative human figures silhouetted against night skies, morning mists, barren trees or Gothic ruins. Art historian Christopher John Murray described their presence, in diminished perspective, amid expansive landscapes, as reducing the figures to a scale that directs ""the viewer's gaze towards their metaphysical dimension"".
Friedrich was born in the town of Greifswald on the Baltic Sea in what was at the time Swedish Pomerania. He studied in Copenhagen from 1794 to 1798, before settling in Dresden. He came of age during a period when, across Europe, a growing disillusionment with materialistic society was giving rise to a new appreciation of spirituality. This shift was often expressed through a reevaluation of the natural world, as artists such as Friedrich, J. M. W. Turner and John Constable sought to depict nature as a ""divine creation, to be set against the artifice of human civilization"".
Friedrich's work brought him renown early in his career. Contemporaries such as the French sculptor David d'Angers spoke of him as having discovered ""the tragedy of landscape"". His work nevertheless fell from favour during his later years, and he died in obscurity. As Germany moved towards modernisation in the late 19th century, a new sense of urgency characterised its art, and Friedrich's contemplative depictions of stillness came to be seen as products of a bygone age.
The early 20th century brought a renewed appreciation of his art, beginning in 1906 with an exhibition of thirty-two of his paintings in Berlin. His work influenced Expressionist artists and later Surrealists and Existentialists. The rise of Nazism in the early 1930s saw a resurgence in Friedrich's popularity, but this was followed by a sharp decline as his paintings were, by association with the Nazi movement, considered to be promoting German nationalism. Since the 1970s, Friedrich has experienced a major international revival and is regarded as one of the most important artists of German Romanticism and a national cultural icon.","Caspar David Friedrich",1800,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Romanticism, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""Romanticism"", ""last_year"": 1840, ""birth_year"": 1774, ""death_year"": 1840, ""first_year"": 1794, ""pupils_raw"": ""Winterlandschaft mit Kirche,Der Mönch am Meer,"", ""birth_place"": ""Greifswald"", ""citizenship"": ""Kingdom of Prussia"", ""death_place"": ""Dresden"", ""nationality"": null, ""occupations"": ""painter, sculptor, printmaker, architectural draftsperson, drawer, watercolorist, landscape painter"", ""teachers_raw"": ""Christian August Lorentzen,University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany,Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, Copenhagen, Denmark,Dresden Academy of Fine Arts, Dresden, Germany,Akademie der Künste Berlin, Berlin, Germany,"", ""painting_school"": null, ""styles_extended"": ""{Romanticism:145},{Unknown:10}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Romanticism:128}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": ""Arnold Böcklin,Arkhip Kuindzhi,Ivan Shishkin,Mark Rothko,Gerhard Richter,Gotthard Graubner,Hudson River School,Surrealism,Edvard Munch,Knud Baade,"", ""influenced_on_raw"": ""Arnold Böcklin,Arkhip Kuindzhi,Ivan Shishkin,Mark Rothko,Gerhard Richter,Gotthard Graubner,Hudson River School,Surrealism,Edvard Munch,Knud Baade,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 155}","portraits/thumbs/Caspar_David_Friedrich_thumb.jpg"
19,"Claude Monet",1840,1926,13,"portraits/Claude_Monet.jpg","Oscar-Claude Monet (UK: , US: ; French: [klod mɔnɛ]; 14 November 1840 – 5 December 1926) was a French painter and founder of Impressionism who is seen as a key precursor to modernism, especially in his attempts to paint nature as he perceived it. During his long career, he was the most consistent and prolific practitioner of Impressionism's philosophy of expressing one's perceptions of nature, especially as applied to plein air (outdoor) landscape painting.","Oscar-Claude Monet (UK: , US: ; French: [klod mɔnɛ]; 14 November 1840 – 5 December 1926) was a French painter and founder of Impressionism who is seen as a key precursor to modernism, especially in his attempts to paint nature as he perceived it. During his long career, he was the most consistent and prolific practitioner of Impressionism's philosophy of expressing one's perceptions of nature, especially as applied to plein air (outdoor) landscape painting. The term ""Impressionism"" is derived from the title of his painting Impression, Sunrise (Impression, soleil levant), which was exhibited in 1874 at the First Impressionist Exhibition, initiated by Monet and a number of like-minded artists as an alternative to the Salon.
Monet was raised in Le Havre, Normandy, and became interested in the outdoors and drawing from an early age. Although his mother, Louise-Justine Aubrée Monet, supported his ambitions to be a painter, his father, Claude-Adolphe, disapproved and wanted him to pursue a career in business. He was very close to his mother, but she died in January 1857 when he was sixteen years old, and he was sent to live with his childless, widowed but wealthy aunt, Marie-Jeanne Lecadre. He went on to study at the Académie Suisse, and under the academic history painter Charles Gleyre, where he was a classmate of Auguste Renoir. His early works include landscapes, seascapes, and portraits, but attracted little attention. A key early influence was Eugène Boudin, who introduced him to the concept of plein air painting. From 1883, Monet lived in Giverny, also in northern France, where he purchased a house and property and began a vast landscaping project, including a water-lily pond.
Monet's ambition to document the French countryside led to a method of painting the same scene many times so as to capture the changing of light and the passing of the seasons. Among the best-known examples are his series of haystacks (1890–1891), paintings of Rouen Cathedral (1892–1894), and the paintings of water lilies in his garden in Giverny, which occupied him for the last 20 years of his life. Frequently exhibited and successful during his lifetime, Monet's fame and popularity soared in the second half of the 20th century when he became one of the world's most famous painters and a source of inspiration for a burgeoning group of artists.","Claude Monet",1800,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Academicism, Impressionism, Japonism, Realism, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""Impressionism"", ""last_year"": 1926, ""birth_year"": 1840, ""death_year"": 1926, ""first_year"": 1858, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Paris"", ""citizenship"": ""France"", ""death_place"": ""Giverny"", ""nationality"": ""French"", ""occupations"": ""painter, graphic artist"", ""teachers_raw"": ""Eugene Boudin,Charles Gleyre,"", ""painting_school"": null, ""styles_extended"": ""{Academicism:1},{Impressionism:1341},{Japonism:1},{Realism:12},{Unknown:12}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Modern art:3},{Impressionism:1340}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": ""Gustave Courbet,Charles-Francois Daubigny,John Constable,J.M.W. Turner,Jean-Francois Millet,Alfred Sisley,Jacob van Ruisdael,"", ""influenced_on_raw"": ""Childe Hassam,Robert Delaunay,Wassily Kandinsky,Frank W. Benson,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 1367}","portraits/thumbs/Claude_Monet_thumb.jpg"
20,"Diego Velázquez",1599,1660,8,"portraits/Diego_Vel_zquez.jpg","Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Velázquez (baptised 6 June 1599 – 6 August 1660) was a Spanish Baroque painter, the leading artist in the court of King Philip IV of Spain and Portugal, and of the Spanish Golden Age. He is generally considered one of the greatest artists in the history of Western art.","Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Velázquez (baptised 6 June 1599 – 6 August 1660) was a Spanish Baroque painter, the leading artist in the court of King Philip IV of Spain and Portugal, and of the Spanish Golden Age. He is generally considered one of the greatest artists in the history of Western art.
He was an individualistic artist of the Baroque period (c. 1600–1750). He began to paint in a precise tenebrist style, later developing a freer manner characterized by bold brushwork. In addition to numerous renditions of scenes of historical and cultural significance, he painted scores of portraits of the Spanish royal family and commoners, culminating in his masterpiece Las Meninas (1656).
Velázquez's paintings became a model for 19th century realist and impressionist painters. In the 20th century, artists such as Pablo Picasso, Salvador Dalí, and Francis Bacon paid tribute to Velázquez by reinterpreting some of his most iconic images.
Most of his work entered the Spanish royal collection, and by far the best collection is in the Museo del Prado in Madrid, although some portraits were sent abroad as diplomatic gifts, especially to the Austrian Habsburgs.","Diego Velázquez",1500,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Baroque, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""Baroque"", ""last_year"": 1660, ""birth_year"": 1599, ""death_year"": 1660, ""first_year"": 1616, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Seville"", ""citizenship"": ""Spain"", ""death_place"": ""Madrid"", ""nationality"": ""Spanish"", ""occupations"": ""painter, artist, conquistador, military personnel, actor, television actor, researcher"", ""teachers_raw"": ""Francisco Pacheco,"", ""painting_school"": ""Seville School"", ""styles_extended"": ""{Baroque:93},{Unknown:41}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Baroque:134}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": ""Caravaggio,Titian,"", ""influenced_on_raw"": ""Gustave Courbet,Francis Bacon,Ilya Repin,Edouard Manet,Joshua Reynolds,Gerard Terborch,Oleksandr Murashko,Francisco Goya,Carolus-Duran,John Singer Sargent,Piotr Michałowski,Frank W. Benson,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 134}","portraits/thumbs/Diego_Vel_zquez_thumb.jpg"
23,"Edgar Degas",1834,1917,13,"portraits/Edgar_Degas.jpg","Edgar Degas (UK: , US: ; born Hilaire-Germain-Edgar De Gas, French: [ilɛːʁ ʒɛʁmɛ̃ ɛdɡaʁ də ɡa]; 19 July 1834 – 27 September 1917) was a French Impressionist artist famous for his pastel drawings and oil paintings.
Degas also produced wax sculptures, prints, and drawings.","Edgar Degas (UK: , US: ; born Hilaire-Germain-Edgar De Gas, French: [ilɛːʁ ʒɛʁmɛ̃ ɛdɡaʁ də ɡa]; 19 July 1834 – 27 September 1917) was a French Impressionist artist famous for his pastel drawings and oil paintings.
Degas also produced wax sculptures, prints, and drawings. Degas is especially identified with the subject of dance; more than half of his works depict dancers. Although Degas is regarded as one of the founders of Impressionism, he rejected the term, preferring to be called a realist, and did not paint outdoors as many Impressionists did.
Degas was a superb draftsman, and particularly masterly in depicting movement, as can be seen in his rendition of dancers and bathing female nudes. In addition to ballet dancers and bathing women, Degas painted racehorses and racing jockeys, as well as portraits. His portraits are notable for their psychological complexity and their portrayal of human isolation.
At the beginning of his career, Degas wanted to be a history painter, a calling for which he was well prepared by his rigorous academic training and close study of classical Western art. In his early thirties he changed course, and by bringing the traditional methods of a history painter to bear on contemporary subject matter, he became a classical painter of modern life.","Edgar Degas",1800,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Impressionism, Japonism, Neoclassicism, Realism, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""Realism"", ""last_year"": 1956, ""birth_year"": 1834, ""death_year"": 1917, ""first_year"": 1844, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Paris"", ""citizenship"": ""France"", ""death_place"": ""Paris"", ""nationality"": ""French"", ""occupations"": ""photographer, poet, painter, sculptor, printmaker, drawer, lithographer"", ""teachers_raw"": null, ""painting_school"": null, ""styles_extended"": ""{Impressionism:601},{Japonism:3},{Neoclassicism:1},{Realism:14},{Unknown:7}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Realism:1},{Modern art:4},{Impressionism:2},{Impressionism,Realism:617}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": ""Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres,Michelangelo,Raphael,Titian,Edouard Manet,Eugene Delacroix,"", ""influenced_on_raw"": ""Edward Hopper,Henri Gervex,Paul Gauguin,Mary Cassatt,Walter Sickert,Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec,Pierre-Auguste Renoir,Aaron Shikler,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 626}","portraits/thumbs/Edgar_Degas_thumb.jpg"
25,"Edvard Munch",1863,1944,18,"portraits/Edvard_Munch.jpg","Edvard Munch ( MUUNK; Norwegian: [ˈɛ̀dvɑɖ ˈmʊŋk] ; 12 December 1863 – 23 January 1944) was a Norwegian painter. His 1893 work The Scream has become one of the most iconic and acclaimed images in all of Western art.","Edvard Munch ( MUUNK; Norwegian: [ˈɛ̀dvɑɖ ˈmʊŋk] ; 12 December 1863 – 23 January 1944) was a Norwegian painter. His 1893 work The Scream has become one of the most iconic and acclaimed images in all of Western art.
His childhood was overshadowed by illness, bereavement and the dread of inheriting a mental condition that ran in the family. Studying at the Royal School of Art and Design in Kristiania (Oslo), Munch began to live a bohemian life under the influence of the nihilist Hans Jæger, who urged him to paint his own emotional and psychological state ('soul painting'); from this emerged his distinctive style.
Travel brought new influences and outlets. In Paris, he learned much from Paul Gauguin, Vincent van Gogh and Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, especially their use of color. In Berlin, he met the Swedish dramatist August Strindberg, whom he painted, as he embarked on a major series of paintings he would later call The Frieze of Life, depicting a series of deeply felt themes such as love, anxiety, jealousy and betrayal, steeped in atmosphere.
The Scream was conceived in Kristiania. According to Munch, he was out walking at sunset, when he 'heard the enormous, infinite scream of nature'. The painting's agonized face is widely identified with the angst of the modern person. Between 1893 and 1910, he made two painted versions and two in pastels, as well as a number of prints. One of the pastels would eventually command the fourth highest nominal price paid for a painting at auction.

As his fame and wealth grew, his emotional state remained insecure. He briefly considered marriage, but could not commit himself. A mental breakdown in 1908 forced him to give up heavy drinking, and he was cheered by his increasing acceptance by the people of Kristiania and exposure in the city's museums. His later years were spent working in peace and privacy. Although his works were banned in Nazi-occupied Europe, most of them survived World War II, securing him a legacy.
Edvard Munch displayed a remarkable talent for drawing from an early age, yet he received minimal formal artistic training.
A pivotal influence on his artistic growth was his association with the Kristiania Bohème—a progressive circle of writers and artists in Kristiania (the former name of Oslo). The group's members championed free love and openly rejected the narrow-minded conventions of bourgeois society.
Among the more established painters in this circle, Christian Krohg provided Munch with valuable instruction as well as ongoing encouragement and support.
Edvard Munch was highly active in the fields of graphic art and printmaking, producing a substantial body of work using intaglio techniques—such as etching, drypoint, and aquatint—on copper plates. Beginning in 1894, he embarked on engraving directly onto copper and, largely self-taught and without formal instruction, created numerous masterpieces in this medium.","Edvard Munch",1800,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Expressionism, Impressionism, Realism, Symbolism, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""Symbolism"", ""last_year"": 1944, ""birth_year"": 1863, ""death_year"": 1944, ""first_year"": 1881, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Ådalsbruk"", ""citizenship"": ""Norway"", ""death_place"": ""Ekely"", ""nationality"": ""Norwegian"", ""occupations"": ""painter, graphic artist, printmaker, architectural draftsperson, drawer"", ""teachers_raw"": ""Leon Bonnat,"", ""painting_school"": ""Berlin Secession,Degenerate art"", ""styles_extended"": ""{Expressionism:157},{Impressionism:11},{Realism:6},{Symbolism:12},{Unknown:9}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Symbolism,Expressionism:188}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": ""Paul Gauguin,Vincent van Gogh,Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec,Georges Seurat,Caspar David Friedrich,"", ""influenced_on_raw"": ""Egon Schiele,Wassily Kandinsky,Ernst Ludwig Kirchner,Max Beckmann,Paul Klee,Henri Matisse,Expressionism,Surrealism,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 195}","portraits/thumbs/Edvard_Munch_thumb.jpg"
27,"Ernst Ludwig Kirchner",1880,1938,18,"portraits/Ernst_Ludwig_Kirchner.jpg","Ernst Ludwig Kirchner (6 May 1880 – 15 June 1938) was a German expressionist painter and printmaker. He was one of the founders of the artists group Die Brücke or ""The Bridge"", a key group leading to the foundation of Expressionism in 20th-century art.","Ernst Ludwig Kirchner (6 May 1880 – 15 June 1938) was a German expressionist painter and printmaker. He was one of the founders of the artists group Die Brücke or ""The Bridge"", a key group leading to the foundation of Expressionism in 20th-century art. Kirchner volunteered for army service in the First World War, but soon suffered a breakdown and was discharged. His work was branded as ""degenerate"" by the Nazis in 1933, and in 1937 more than 600 of his works were sold or destroyed.","Ernst Ludwig Kirchner",1800,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Cubism, Expressionism, Fauvism, Japonism, Neo-Impressionism, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""Expressionism"", ""last_year"": 1938, ""birth_year"": 1880, ""death_year"": 1938, ""first_year"": 1904, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Aschaffenburg"", ""citizenship"": ""German Reich"", ""death_place"": ""Davos Frauenkirch"", ""nationality"": ""German"", ""occupations"": ""photographer, illustrator, painter, sculptor, graphic artist, visual artist, designer, printmaker, architectural draftsperson, drawer"", ""teachers_raw"": null, ""painting_school"": ""Die Brücke (The Bridge),Degenerate art"", ""styles_extended"": ""{Cubism:9},{Expressionism:374},{Fauvism:1},{Japonism:4},{Neo-Impressionism:1},{Unknown:2}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Die Brücke:1},{German Expressionism:2},{Modern art:2},{Expressionism:392}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": ""Edvard Munch,"", ""influenced_on_raw"": null, ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 391}","portraits/thumbs/Ernst_Ludwig_Kirchner_thumb.jpg"
29,"Fra Angelico",1395,1455,4,"portraits/Fra_Angelico.jpg","Fra Giovanni da Fiesole (born Guido di Pietro; c. 1395 – 18 February 1455), known posthumously as Fra Angelico ( FRAH an-JEL-ik-oh, Italian: [ˈfra anˈdʒɛːliko]), was an Italian Dominican friar and painter active during the early Florentine Renaissance.","Fra Giovanni da Fiesole (born Guido di Pietro; c. 1395 – 18 February 1455), known posthumously as Fra Angelico ( FRAH an-JEL-ik-oh, Italian: [ˈfra anˈdʒɛːliko]), was an Italian Dominican friar and painter active during the early Florentine Renaissance.
Angelico created a series of frescoes for the Dominican convent of San Marco in Florence, where he received the patronage of Cosimo de' Medici. His works include the San Marco Altarpiece and the Deposition of Christ, both made for the convent of San Marco. Painting exclusively religious subjects throughout his career, Angelico completed commissions in Rome under the patronage of Popes Eugene IV and Nicholas V. Angelico was a pioneer of the artistic trends that came to distinguish the early Renaissance, namely linear perspective and a greater attention to depth and form than had been practised in the late Medieval period.
Angelico was beatified by Pope John Paul II in 1982. In 1984, John Paul declared him the patron of Catholic artists.","Fra Angelico",1300,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Early Renaissance, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""Early Renaissance"", ""last_year"": 1455, ""birth_year"": 1390, ""death_year"": 1455, ""first_year"": 1410, ""pupils_raw"": ""Benozzo Gozzoli,"", ""birth_place"": ""Vicchio"", ""citizenship"": null, ""death_place"": ""Rome"", ""nationality"": ""Italian"", ""occupations"": ""illuminator, painter, architectural draftsperson"", ""teachers_raw"": null, ""painting_school"": ""Florentine School"", ""styles_extended"": ""{Early Renaissance:160},{Unknown:8}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Early Renaissance:167}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": ""Sienese School,"", ""influenced_on_raw"": null, ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 168}","portraits/thumbs/Fra_Angelico_thumb.jpg"
31,"Francisco Goya",1746,1828,11,"portraits/Francisco_Goya.jpg","Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes (; Spanish: [fɾanˈθisko xoˈse ðe ˈɣoʝa i luˈθjentes]; 30 March 1746 – 16 April 1828) was a Spanish romantic painter and printmaker. He is considered the most important Spanish artist of the late 18th and early 19th centuries.","Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes (; Spanish: [fɾanˈθisko xoˈse ðe ˈɣoʝa i luˈθjentes]; 30 March 1746 – 16 April 1828) was a Spanish romantic painter and printmaker. He is considered the most important Spanish artist of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. His paintings, drawings, and engravings reflected contemporary historical upheavals and influenced important 19th- and 20th-century painters. Goya is often referred to as the last of the Old Masters and the first of the moderns. He is widely regarded as one of the most influential figures in the history of Western art. 
Goya was born in Fuendetodos, Aragon to a middle-class family in 1746. He studied painting from age 14 under José Luzán y Martínez and moved to Madrid to study with Anton Raphael Mengs. He married Josefa Bayeu in 1773. Goya became a court painter to the Spanish Crown in 1786 and this early portion of his career is marked by portraits of the Spanish aristocracy and royalty, and Rococo-style tapestry cartoons designed for the royal palace.
Although Goya's letters and writings survive, little is known about his thoughts. He had a severe and undiagnosed illness in 1793 that left him deaf, after which his work became progressively darker and more pessimistic. His later easel and mural paintings, prints, and drawings appear to reflect a bleak outlook on personal, social, and political levels and contrast with his social climbing. He was appointed Director of the Royal Academy in 1795, the year Manuel Godoy made an unfavorable treaty with France. In 1799, Goya became Primer Pintor de Cámara (Prime Court Painter), the highest rank for a Spanish court painter. In the late 1790s, commissioned by Godoy, he completed his La maja desnuda, a remarkably daring nude for the time and clearly indebted to Diego Velázquez. In 1800–01, he painted Charles IV of Spain and His Family, also influenced by Velázquez.
In 1807, Napoleon led the French army into the Peninsular War against Spain. Goya remained in Madrid during the war, which seems to have affected him deeply. Although he did not speak his thoughts in public, they can be inferred from his Disasters of War series of prints (although published 35 years after his death) and his 1814 paintings The Second of May 1808 and The Third of May 1808. Other works from his mid-period include the Caprichos and Los Disparates etching series, and a wide variety of paintings concerned with insanity, mental asylums, witches, fantastical creatures and religious and political corruption, all of which suggest that he feared for both his country's fate and his own mental and physical health.
His late period culminates with the Black Paintings of 1819–1823, applied on oil on the plaster walls of his house the Quinta del Sordo (House of the Deaf Man) where, disillusioned by political and social developments in Spain, he lived in near isolation. Goya eventually abandoned Spain in 1824 to retire to the French city of Bordeaux, accompanied by his much younger maid and companion, Leocadia Weiss, who may have been his lover. There he completed his La Tauromaquia series and a number of other works. Following a stroke that left him paralyzed on his right side, Goya died and was buried on 16 April 1828 aged 82.","Francisco Goya",1700,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Neoclassicism, Realism, Rococo, Romanticism, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""Romanticism"", ""last_year"": 1828, ""birth_year"": 1746, ""death_year"": 1828, ""first_year"": 1760, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Fuendetodos"", ""citizenship"": ""Spain"", ""death_place"": ""Bordeaux"", ""nationality"": ""Spanish"", ""occupations"": ""lithographer, drawer, printmaker, etcher, painter"", ""teachers_raw"": ""José Luzán,Anton Raphael Mengs,"", ""painting_school"": null, ""styles_extended"": ""{Neoclassicism:1},{Realism:1},{Rococo:12},{Romanticism:349},{Unknown:43}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Romanticism:391}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": ""Albrecht Durer,Diego Velazquez,"", ""influenced_on_raw"": ""Pablo Picasso,Chaim Soutine,Roberto Montenegro,Jose Clemente Orozco,Pierre-Auguste Renoir,Max Klinger,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 406}","portraits/thumbs/Francisco_Goya_thumb.jpg"
32,"François Boucher",1703,1770,9,"portraits/Fran_ois_Boucher.jpg","François Boucher (UK:  BOO-shay, US:  boo-SHAY; French: [fʁɑ̃swa buʃe]; 29 September 1703 – 30 May 1770) was a French painter, draughtsman and etcher, who worked in the Rococo style. Boucher is known for his idyllic and voluptuous paintings on classical themes, decorative allegories, and pastoral scenes.","François Boucher (UK:  BOO-shay, US:  boo-SHAY; French: [fʁɑ̃swa buʃe]; 29 September 1703 – 30 May 1770) was a French painter, draughtsman and etcher, who worked in the Rococo style. Boucher is known for his idyllic and voluptuous paintings on classical themes, decorative allegories, and pastoral scenes. He was perhaps the most celebrated painter and decorative artist of the 18th century.","François Boucher",1700,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Rococo, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""Rococo"", ""last_year"": 1770, ""birth_year"": 1703, ""death_year"": 1770, ""first_year"": 1726, ""pupils_raw"": ""Jacques-Louis David,"", ""birth_place"": ""Paris"", ""citizenship"": ""France"", ""death_place"": ""Paris"", ""nationality"": ""French"", ""occupations"": ""illustrator, painter, etcher, printmaker, drawer, tapestry designer, exlibrist, writer, curator, art historian, art collector"", ""teachers_raw"": null, ""painting_school"": null, ""styles_extended"": ""{Rococo:74},{Unknown:1}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Rococo:75}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": null, ""influenced_on_raw"": ""Pierre-Auguste Renoir,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 75}","portraits/thumbs/Fran_ois_Boucher_thumb.jpg"
36,"Gino Severini",1883,1966,20,"portraits/Gino_Severini.jpg","Gino Severini (7 April 1883 – 26 February 1966) was an Italian painter and a leading member of the Futurist movement. For much of his life, he divided his time between Paris and Rome.","Gino Severini (7 April 1883 – 26 February 1966) was an Italian painter and a leading member of the Futurist movement. For much of his life, he divided his time between Paris and Rome. He was associated with neo-classicism and the ""return to order"" in the decade after the First World War. During his career, he worked in a variety of media, including mosaic and fresco. He showed his work at major exhibitions, including the Rome Quadrennial, and won art prizes from major institutions.","Gino Severini",1800,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Cubism, Divisionism, Futurism, Impressionism, Neoclassicism, Synthetic Cubism"", ""movement"": ""Cubism"", ""last_year"": 1965, ""birth_year"": 1883, ""death_year"": 1966, ""first_year"": 1908, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Cortona"", ""citizenship"": ""Kingdom of Italy"", ""death_place"": ""Paris"", ""nationality"": ""Italian"", ""occupations"": ""architectural draftsperson, designer, glass artist, scenographer, jewelry designer, graphic artist, sculptor, painter, illustrator, mosaicist"", ""teachers_raw"": null, ""painting_school"": ""École de Paris,Novecento Italiano,Milan Futurist Group,Lacerba"", ""styles_extended"": ""{Cubism:13},{Divisionism:1},{Futurism:35},{Impressionism:2},{Neoclassicism:4},{Synthetic Cubism:3}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Cubism:1},{Modern art:2},{Futurism:3},{Cubism,Futurism:58}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": null, ""influenced_on_raw"": null, ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 58}","portraits/thumbs/Gino_Severini_thumb.jpg"
38,"Giorgione",1477,1510,6,"portraits/Giorgione.jpg","Giorgio Barbarelli da Castelfranco (1470s – 17 September 1510), known as Giorgione, was an Italian painter of the Venetian school during the High Renaissance, who died in his thirties. He is known for the elusive poetic quality of his work, though only about six surviving paintings are firmly attributed to him.","Giorgio Barbarelli da Castelfranco (1470s – 17 September 1510), known as Giorgione, was an Italian painter of the Venetian school during the High Renaissance, who died in his thirties. He is known for the elusive poetic quality of his work, though only about six surviving paintings are firmly attributed to him. The uncertainty surrounding the identity and meaning of his work has made Giorgione one of the most mysterious figures in European art.
Together with his younger contemporary Titian, he founded the Venetian school of Italian Renaissance painting, characterised by its use of colour and mood. The school is traditionally contrasted with Florentine painting, which relied on a more linear disegno-led style.","Giorgione",1500,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""High Renaissance, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""High Renaissance"", ""last_year"": 1510, ""birth_year"": 1470, ""death_year"": 1510, ""first_year"": 1500, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Castelfranco Veneto"", ""citizenship"": ""Republic of Venice"", ""death_place"": ""Venice"", ""nationality"": ""Italian"", ""occupations"": ""painter, visual artist"", ""teachers_raw"": ""Giovanni Bellini,"", ""painting_school"": ""Venetian School"", ""styles_extended"": ""{High Renaissance:43},{Unknown:8}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Venetian school:1},{High Renaissance:50},{Italian Renaissance:1},{Renaissance:1}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": null, ""influenced_on_raw"": ""Venetian School,Titian,Lorenzo Lotto,Caravaggio,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 51}","portraits/thumbs/Giorgione_thumb.jpg"
39,"Giotto",1267,1337,3,"portraits/Giotto.jpg","Giotto di Bondone (Italian: [ˈdʒɔtto di bonˈdoːne]; c. 1267 – January 8, 1337), known mononymously as Giotto, was an Italian painter and architect from Florence during the Late Middle Ages.","Giotto di Bondone (Italian: [ˈdʒɔtto di bonˈdoːne]; c. 1267 – January 8, 1337), known mononymously as Giotto, was an Italian painter and architect from Florence during the Late Middle Ages. He worked during the Gothic and Proto-Renaissance period. Giotto's contemporary, the banker and chronicler Giovanni Villani, wrote that Giotto was ""the most sovereign master of painting in his time, who drew all his figures and their postures according to nature"" and of his publicly recognized ""talent and excellence"". Giorgio Vasari described Giotto as making a decisive break from the prevalent Byzantine style and as initiating ""the great art of painting as we know it today, introducing the technique of drawing accurately from life, which had been neglected for more than two hundred years"".
Giotto's masterwork is the decoration of the Scrovegni Chapel, in Padua, also known as the Arena Chapel, which was completed around 1305. The fresco cycle depicts the Life of the Virgin and the Life of Christ. It is regarded as one of the supreme masterpieces of the Early Renaissance.
The fact that Giotto painted the Arena Chapel and that he was chosen by the Commune of Florence in 1334 to design the new campanile (bell tower) of the Florence Cathedral are among the few certainties about his life. Almost every other aspect of it is subject to controversy: his birth date, his birthplace, his appearance, his apprenticeship, the order in which he created his works, whether he painted the famous frescoes in the Upper Basilica of Saint Francis in Assisi, and his burial place.","Giotto",1200,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Proto Renaissance"", ""movement"": ""Proto Renaissance"", ""last_year"": 1335, ""birth_year"": 1266, ""death_year"": 1337, ""first_year"": 1290, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Vicchio"", ""citizenship"": ""Republic of Florence"", ""death_place"": ""Florence"", ""nationality"": ""Italian"", ""occupations"": ""architect, painter, sculptor, muralist, designer"", ""teachers_raw"": ""Cimabue,"", ""painting_school"": ""Florentine School"", ""styles_extended"": ""{Proto Renaissance:136}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Proto Renaissance:139}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": ""Byzantine Art,"", ""influenced_on_raw"": ""Proto Renaissance,Jose Clemente Orozco,Cennino Cennini,Paul Gauguin,Michelangelo,William Holman Hunt,Ambrogio Lorenzetti,Pietro Lorenzetti,Giovanni da Milano,Lorenzo Monaco,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 136}","portraits/thumbs/Giotto_thumb.jpg"
41,"Gustave Courbet",1819,1877,12,"portraits/Gustave_Courbet.jpg","Jean Désiré Gustave Courbet (UK:  KOOR-bay; US:  koor-BAY; French: [ɡystav kuʁbɛ]; 10 June 1819 – 31 December 1877) was a French painter who led the Realism movement in 19th-century French painting. Committed to painting only what he could see, he rejected academic convention and the Romanticism of the previous generation of visual artists.","Jean Désiré Gustave Courbet (UK:  KOOR-bay; US:  koor-BAY; French: [ɡystav kuʁbɛ]; 10 June 1819 – 31 December 1877) was a French painter who led the Realism movement in 19th-century French painting. Committed to painting only what he could see, he rejected academic convention and the Romanticism of the previous generation of visual artists. His independence set an example that was important to later artists, such as the Impressionists and the Cubists. Courbet occupies an important place in 19th-century French painting as an innovator and as an artist willing to make bold social statements through his work.
Courbet's paintings of the late 1840s and early 1850s brought him his first recognition. They challenged convention by depicting unidealized peasants and workers, often on a grand scale traditionally reserved for paintings of religious or historical subjects. Courbet's subsequent paintings were mostly of a less overtly political character: landscapes, seascapes, hunting scenes, nudes, and still lifes. Courbet was imprisoned for six months in 1871 for his involvement with the Paris Commune and lived in exile in Switzerland from 1873 until his death four years later.","Gustave Courbet",1800,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Baroque, Realism, Romanticism, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""Realism"", ""last_year"": 1877, ""birth_year"": 1819, ""death_year"": 1877, ""first_year"": 1830, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Ornans"", ""citizenship"": ""France"", ""death_place"": ""La Tour-de-Peilz"", ""nationality"": ""French"", ""occupations"": ""painter, sculptor, communard, drawer"", ""teachers_raw"": null, ""painting_school"": null, ""styles_extended"": ""{Baroque:1},{Realism:266},{Romanticism:13},{Unknown:9}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Realism:272}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": ""Rembrandt,Caravaggio,Diego Velazquez,Peter Paul Rubens,Francisco de Zurbaran,Baroque,Romanticism,Carolus-Duran,"", ""influenced_on_raw"": ""Edouard Manet,Claude Monet,Pierre-Auguste Renoir,Paul Cezanne,James McNeill Whistler,Impressionism,Post-Impressionism,Expressionism,Alfred Sisley,Lucian Freud,Chaim Soutine,Charles-Francois Daubigny,Andres de Santa Maria,Jules Bastien-Lepage,Eugène Burnand,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 289}","portraits/thumbs/Gustave_Courbet_thumb.jpg"
52,"Jan van Eyck",1390,1441,5,"portraits/Jan_van_Eyck.jpg","Jan van Eyck ( van EYEK; Dutch: [ˈjɑɱ vɑn ˈɛik]; c. before 1390 – 9 July 1441) was an early Netherlandish painter active in Bruges who was one of the early innovators of what became known as early Netherlandish painting, and one of the supreme figures of the Early Northern Renaissance.","Jan van Eyck ( van EYEK; Dutch: [ˈjɑɱ vɑn ˈɛik]; c. before 1390 – 9 July 1441) was an early Netherlandish painter active in Bruges who was one of the early innovators of what became known as early Netherlandish painting, and one of the supreme figures of the Early Northern Renaissance. Such was his legacy, that he has been called ""the inventor of oil-painting"" by Vasari, Ernst Gombrich, and others, although this claim is now considered an oversimplification.
Surviving records date his birth at around 1380 or 1390, in Maaseik (then Maaseyck, hence his name) by the Limburg in present-day Belgium. He took employment in The Hague around 1422, when he was already a master painter with workshop assistants, and was employed as painter and valet de chambre to John III the Pitiless, ruler of the counties of Holland and Hainaut. Some time after John's death in 1425, he was appointed as court painter to Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, and worked in Lille before moving to Bruges in 1429, where he lived until his death. He was highly regarded by Philip, and was dispatched on several diplomatic visits abroad, including one to Lisbon in 1428 to discuss the possibility of a marriage contract between the duke and Isabella of Portugal.
About 20 surviving paintings are confidently attributed to him, as well as the Ghent Altarpiece and the illuminated miniatures of the Turin-Milan Hours, all dated between 1432 and 1439. Ten are dated and signed with a variation of his motto ALS ICH KAN (As I (Eyck) can), a pun on his name, which he typically painted in Greek characters. 
Van Eyck painted both secular and religious subjects. His works include altarpieces, painted panels—diptychs (dismantled), triptychs, and polyptychs—and commissioned portraits. He was well paid by Philip, who wanted the painter to have the financial security and artistic freedom to paint ""whenever he pleased."" Van Eyck's early work shows influence from the International Gothic style, which he soon eclipsed, in part through a greater emphasis on naturalism and realism. He achieved a new level of virtuosity through his developments in the use of oil paint. His style and techniques profoundly altered the development of the Early Netherlandish school.","Jan van Eyck",1300,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Northern Renaissance, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""Northern Renaissance"", ""last_year"": 1441, ""birth_year"": 1390, ""death_year"": 1441, ""first_year"": 1422, ""pupils_raw"": ""Petrus Christus,"", ""birth_place"": ""Maaseik"", ""citizenship"": ""Southern Netherlands"", ""death_place"": ""Bruges"", ""nationality"": ""Flemish"", ""occupations"": ""architect, illuminator, painter, architectural draftsperson, drawer"", ""teachers_raw"": null, ""painting_school"": ""Flemish School"", ""styles_extended"": ""{Northern Renaissance:50},{Unknown:21}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Northern Renaissance:73}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": ""Gothic Art,Robert Campin,"", ""influenced_on_raw"": ""Antonello da Messina,Rogier van der Weyden,Petrus Christus,Hans Memling,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 71}","portraits/thumbs/Jan_van_Eyck_thumb.jpg"
57,"Jean-Honoré Fragonard",1732,1806,9,"portraits/Jean-Honor__Fragonard.jpg","Jean-Honoré Fragonard (French: [ʒɑ̃ ɔnɔʁe fʁaɡɔnaʁ]; 5 April 1732 – 22 August 1806) was a French painter and printmaker whose late Rococo manner was distinguished by remarkable facility, exuberance, and hedonism. One of the most prolific artists active in the last decades of the Ancien Régime, Fragonard produced more than 550 paintings (not counting drawings and etchings), of which only five are dated.","Jean-Honoré Fragonard (French: [ʒɑ̃ ɔnɔʁe fʁaɡɔnaʁ]; 5 April 1732 – 22 August 1806) was a French painter and printmaker whose late Rococo manner was distinguished by remarkable facility, exuberance, and hedonism. One of the most prolific artists active in the last decades of the Ancien Régime, Fragonard produced more than 550 paintings (not counting drawings and etchings), of which only five are dated. Among his most popular works are genre paintings conveying an atmosphere of intimacy and veiled eroticism.","Jean-Honoré Fragonard",1700,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Rococo, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""Rococo"", ""last_year"": 1790, ""birth_year"": 1732, ""death_year"": 1806, ""first_year"": 1750, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Grasse"", ""citizenship"": ""France"", ""death_place"": ""Paris"", ""nationality"": ""French"", ""occupations"": ""illustrator, painter, printmaker, architectural draftsperson, drawer"", ""teachers_raw"": null, ""painting_school"": null, ""styles_extended"": ""{Rococo:64},{Unknown:5}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Rococo:72},{Renaissance:1}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": null, ""influenced_on_raw"": null, ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 69}","portraits/thumbs/Jean-Honor__Fragonard_thumb.jpg"
61,"Kazimir Malevich",1879,1935,21,"portraits/Kazimir_Malevich.jpg","S. 11 February] 1879 – 15 May 1935) was a Russian avant-garde artist and art theorist, whose work and writings pioneered the development of abstract painting in the 20th century.","Kazimir Severinovich Malevich (23 February [O.S. 11 February] 1879 – 15 May 1935) was a Russian avant-garde artist and art theorist, whose work and writings pioneered the development of abstract painting in the 20th century. He is best known as the founder of Suprematism, a radically non-objective form of painting he introduced in 1915.
Born in Kiev, modern-day Ukraine, to an ethnic Polish family, Malevich worked primarily in Russia and became a leading figure of the Russian avant-garde. His work has also been associated with the Ukrainian avant-garde. Early in his career, he worked in multiple styles, assimilating Impressionism, Symbolism, Fauvism, and Cubism through reproductions and the works acquired by contemporary Russian collectors. In the early 1910s, he exhibited alongside other Russian avant-garde artists, including Mikhail Larionov and Natalia Goncharova. In 1915, working in a Cubo-Futurist mode, Malevich developed Suprematism, a system of pure geometric abstraction on monochromatic grounds. His Black Square (1915), first shown at the Last Futurist Exhibition 0,10 in Petrograd, marked a decisive break with representational painting. He set out his theory in the brochure From Cubism and Futurism to Suprematism, published to accompany the exhibition.
His trajectory mirrored the upheavals around the October Revolution of 1917. In 1918, Malevich began teaching in Vitebsk along with Marc Chagall. In 1919, he founded the UNOVIS artists collective and had a solo show at the Sixteenth State Exhibition in Moscow. His reputation spread westward with solo exhibitions in Warsaw and Berlin in 1927, the only time he ever left Russia. From 1928 to 1930 he taught at the Kiev Art Institute alongside Alexander Bogomazov, Victor Palmov, and Vladimir Tatlin, while publishing in the Kharkiv magazine Nova Generatsiia. In 1930, he was briefly arrested and interrogated by the OGPU in Leningrad. By the early 1930s, Stalin's restrictive cultural policy and the subsequent imposition of Socialist Realism had prompted Malevich to return to figuration and to paint in a representational style. Diagnosed with cancer in 1933, he was not allowed to leave the Soviet Union to seek treatment abroad. While constrained by his progressing illness and Stalin's cultural policies, Malevich painted and exhibited his work until the end of his life. He died on 15 May 1935, at age 56.
His art and his writings influenced Eastern and Central European contemporaries such as El Lissitzky, Lyubov Popova, Alexander Rodchenko and Henryk Stażewski, as well as generations of later abstract artists, such as Ad Reinhardt and the Minimalists. He was celebrated posthumously in major exhibits at the Museum of Modern Art (1936), the Guggenheim Museum (1973), and the Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam (1989), which has a large collection of his work. In the 1990s, the ownership claims of museums to many Malevich works began to be disputed by his heirs.","Kazimir Malevich",1800,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Art Nouveau (Modern), Cloisonnism, Constructivism, Cubism, Cubo-Futurism, Expressionism, Fauvism, Futurism, Impressionism, Naïve Art (Primitivism), Neo-Suprematism, Neo-baroque, Neoclassicism, Pointillism, Post-Impressionism, Realism, Socialist Realism, Suprematism, Symbolism, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""Abstract Art"", ""last_year"": 1934, ""birth_year"": 1879, ""death_year"": 1935, ""first_year"": 1900, ""pupils_raw"": ""El Lissitzky,"", ""birth_place"": ""Kyiv"", ""citizenship"": ""Soviet Union"", ""death_place"": ""Saint Petersburg"", ""nationality"": ""Russian,Polish,Ukrainian"", ""occupations"": ""teacher, painter, pedagogue, sculptor, costume designer, art historian, scenographer, visual artist, designer, printmaker, drawer, art theorist"", ""teachers_raw"": ""Mykola Pymonenko,Vitebsk Art School, Vitebsk, Belarus,Kyiv Art School, Kyiv, Ukraine,National Academy of Visual Arts and Architecture, Kyiv, Ukraine,"", ""painting_school"": ""Jack of Diamonds,Soyuz Molodyozhi (Union of the Youth),Donkey's Tail (Osliniy khvost)"", ""styles_extended"": ""{Art Nouveau (Modern):2},{Cloisonnism:2},{Constructivism:25},{Cubism:31},{Cubo-Futurism:32},{Expressionism:6},{Fauvism:10},{Futurism:11},{Impressionism:22},{Naïve Art (Primitivism):27},{Neo-Suprematism:54},{Neo-baroque:1},{Neoclassicism:8},{Pointillism:5},{Post-Impressionism:5},{Realism:9},{Socialist Realism:1},{Suprematism:85},{Symbolism:11},{Unknown:6}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Suprematism,Abstract Art:359}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": ""Aristarkh Lentulov,"", ""influenced_on_raw"": ""Josef Albers,Ad Reinhardt,Nasreen Mohamedi,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 353}","portraits/thumbs/Kazimir_Malevich_thumb.jpg"
64,"Marcel Duchamp",1887,1968,23,"portraits/Marcel_Duchamp.jpg","Henri-Robert-Marcel Duchamp (UK: , US: ; French: [maʁsɛl dyʃɑ̃]; 28 July 1887 – 2 October 1968) was a French American artist, chess player, and inventor who played a key role in the development of the avant-garde in the United States and in New York City, where he spent the last 25 years of his life.
Duchamp was the first artist to elevate a urinal to the status of an art form.","Henri-Robert-Marcel Duchamp (UK: , US: ; French: [maʁsɛl dyʃɑ̃]; 28 July 1887 – 2 October 1968) was a French American artist, chess player, and inventor who played a key role in the development of the avant-garde in the United States and in New York City, where he spent the last 25 years of his life.
Duchamp was the first artist to elevate a urinal to the status of an art form. For his talk at the American Federation of the Arts in Houston, ""On the Creative Act,"" for which he labeled himself a 'mere artist,' Duchamp said, ""Let us consider two important factors, the two poles of the creation of art: the artist, on the one hand, and on the other the spectator who later becomes the posterity...if we give the attributes of a medium to the artist, we must then deny him the state of consciousness on the esthetic plane about what he is doing or why he is doing it. All his decisions in the artistic execution of the work rest with pure intuition and cannot be translated into a self-analysis, spoken or written, or even thought out.""
Duchamp is commonly regarded, along with Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, as one of the three artists who helped to establish the post-industrial perspective in art history, and  his work is considered the progenitor of conceptual art. His definition of the art coefficient, ""an arithmatic relationship between the unexpressed but intended and the unintentionally expressed,"" lay the groundwork for a more recent generation of artists working through appropriation art, such as Andy Warhol, Beatrice Wood, Sherrie Levine, Richard Prince and Sturtevant.","Marcel Duchamp",1800,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Conceptual Art, Cubism, Dada, Expressionism, Fauvism, Futurism, Kinetic Art, Op Art, Post-Impressionism, Surrealism, Symbolism, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""Dada"", ""last_year"": 1966, ""birth_year"": 1887, ""death_year"": 1968, ""first_year"": 1902, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Blainville-Crevon"", ""citizenship"": ""United States of America"", ""death_place"": ""Neuilly-sur-Seine"", ""nationality"": ""French"", ""occupations"": ""photographer, actor, poet, librarian, artist, painter, sculptor, film director, visual artist, philosopher, designer, chess player, printmaker, architectural draftsperson, assemblage artist"", ""teachers_raw"": ""Académie Julian, Paris, France,"", ""painting_school"": ""Société des Artistes Indépendants (Society of Independent Artists),Section d'Or (Puteaux Group),Société Anonyme"", ""styles_extended"": ""{Conceptual Art:3},{Cubism:6},{Dada:17},{Expressionism:18},{Fauvism:6},{Futurism:3},{Kinetic Art:4},{Op Art:2},{Post-Impressionism:13},{Surrealism:8},{Symbolism:2},{Unknown:1}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Dada,Surrealism:81}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": ""Andy Warhol,Hiroshi Sugimoto,Damien Hirst,"", ""influenced_on_raw"": ""Andy Warhol,Hiroshi Sugimoto,Damien Hirst,designs-and-sketches,monuments-and-statues,female-portraits,double-portraits,female-nude,male-portraits,reading-and-writing,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 83}","portraits/thumbs/Marcel_Duchamp_thumb.jpg"
65,"Mark Rothko",1903,1970,25,"portraits/Mark_Rothko.jpg","Mark Rothko (  ROTH-koh; Markus Yakovlevich Rothkowitz until 1940; September 25, 1903 – February 25, 1970) was a Latvian-born American abstract painter. He is best known for his color field paintings that depicted irregular and painterly rectangular regions of color, which he produced from 1949 to 1970.","Mark Rothko (  ROTH-koh; Markus Yakovlevich Rothkowitz until 1940; September 25, 1903 – February 25, 1970) was a Latvian-born American abstract painter. He is best known for his color field paintings that depicted irregular and painterly rectangular regions of color, which he produced from 1949 to 1970. Although Rothko did not personally subscribe to any one school, he is associated with the American abstract expressionism movement of modern art.
Born to a Jewish family in Daugavpils, Latvia, then part of the Russian Empire, Rothko emigrated with his parents and siblings to the United States, arriving at Ellis Island in late 1913 and originally settling in Portland, Oregon. He moved to New York City in 1923 where his youthful period of artistic production dealt primarily with urban scenery. In response to World War II, Rothko's art entered a transitional phase during the 1940s, where he experimented with mythological themes and Surrealism to express tragedy. Toward the end of the decade, Rothko painted canvases with regions of pure color which he further abstracted into rectangular color forms, the idiom he would use for the rest of his life.
In his later career, Rothko executed several canvases for three different mural projects. The Seagram murals were to have decorated the Four Seasons Restaurant in the Seagram Building, but Rothko eventually grew disgusted with the idea that his paintings would be decorative objects for wealthy diners and refunded the lucrative commission, donating the paintings to museums, including the Tate Gallery. The Harvard Mural series was donated to a dining room in Harvard's Holyoke Center; their colors faded badly over time due to Rothko's use of the pigment lithol red together with regular sunlight exposure. The Harvard series has since been restored using a special lighting technique. Rothko contributed 14 canvases to a permanent installation at the Rothko Chapel, a non-denominational chapel in Houston, Texas.
Although Rothko lived modestly for much of his life, the resale value of his paintings grew tremendously in the decades following his suicide in 1970. His painting No. 6 (Violet, Green and Red) sold in 2014 for $186 million.","Mark Rothko",1900,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Abstract Art, Abstract Expressionism, Color Field Painting, Expressionism, Minimalism, Surrealism"", ""movement"": ""Abstract Art"", ""last_year"": 1970, ""birth_year"": 1903, ""death_year"": 1970, ""first_year"": 1936, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Daugavpils"", ""citizenship"": ""United States of America"", ""death_place"": ""Manhattan"", ""nationality"": ""American,Jewish"", ""occupations"": ""painter, university teacher, drawer"", ""teachers_raw"": null, ""painting_school"": ""New York School,Irascibles"", ""styles_extended"": ""{Abstract Art:4},{Abstract Expressionism:18},{Color Field Painting:104},{Expressionism:14},{Minimalism:9},{Surrealism:21}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Abstract Expressionism:161}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": ""Edward Hopper,Ad Reinhardt,Caspar David Friedrich,Salvador Dali,"", ""influenced_on_raw"": ""Helmut Federle,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 170}","portraits/thumbs/Mark_Rothko_thumb.jpg"
71,"Odilon Redon",1840,1916,15,"portraits/Odilon_Redon.jpg","Odilon Redon (born Bertrand Redon; French: [ɔdilɔ̃ ʁədɔ̃]; 20 April 1840 – 6 July 1916) was a French Symbolist draftsman, printmaker, and painter.
Early in his career, both before and after fighting in the Franco-Prussian War, Redon worked almost exclusively in charcoal and lithography, works known as his noirs.","Odilon Redon (born Bertrand Redon; French: [ɔdilɔ̃ ʁədɔ̃]; 20 April 1840 – 6 July 1916) was a French Symbolist draftsman, printmaker, and painter.
Early in his career, both before and after fighting in the Franco-Prussian War, Redon worked almost exclusively in charcoal and lithography, works known as his noirs. He gained recognition after his drawings were mentioned in the 1884 novel À rebours (Against Nature) by Joris-Karl Huysmans. During the 1890s, Redon began working in pastel and oil, which quickly became his favorite medium, abandoning his previous style of noirs completely after 1900. He developed a keen interest in Hindu and Buddhist religion and culture, which increasingly showed in his work.
Redon is perhaps best known today for the dreamlike paintings created in the first decade of the 20th century, which were inspired by Japanese art and leaned toward abstraction. His work is considered a precursor to Surrealism.","Odilon Redon",1800,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Art Nouveau (Modern), Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, Realism, Symbolism, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""Symbolism"", ""last_year"": 1916, ""birth_year"": 1840, ""death_year"": 1916, ""first_year"": 1865, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Bordeaux"", ""citizenship"": ""France"", ""death_place"": ""Paris"", ""nationality"": ""French"", ""occupations"": ""illustrator, painter, sculptor, printmaker, architectural draftsperson, drawer, lithographer"", ""teachers_raw"": null, ""painting_school"": ""Société des Artistes Indépendants (Society of Independent Artists)"", ""styles_extended"": ""{Art Nouveau (Modern):1},{Impressionism:11},{Post-Impressionism:4},{Realism:62},{Symbolism:376},{Unknown:1}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Symbolism:454},{Modern art:1}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": null, ""influenced_on_raw"": null, ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 455}","portraits/thumbs/Odilon_Redon_thumb.jpg"
76,"Paul Cézanne",1839,1906,14,"portraits/Paul_C_zanne.jpg","Paul Cézanne ( say-ZAN, UK also  siz-AN, US also  say-ZAHN; French: [pɔl sezan]; Occitan: Pau Cesana; 19 January 1839 – 22 October 1906) was a French Post-Impressionist painter whose work introduced new modes of representation, influenced avant-garde artistic movements of the early 20th century and formed the bridge between late 19th-century Impressionism and early 20th-century Cubism.
While his early works were influenced by Romanticism—such as the murals in the Jas de Bouffan country house—and Realism, Cézanne arrived at a new pictorial language through intense examination of Impressionist forms of expression.","Paul Cézanne ( say-ZAN, UK also  siz-AN, US also  say-ZAHN; French: [pɔl sezan]; Occitan: Pau Cesana; 19 January 1839 – 22 October 1906) was a French Post-Impressionist painter whose work introduced new modes of representation, influenced avant-garde artistic movements of the early 20th century and formed the bridge between late 19th-century Impressionism and early 20th-century Cubism.
While his early works were influenced by Romanticism—such as the murals in the Jas de Bouffan country house—and Realism, Cézanne arrived at a new pictorial language through intense examination of Impressionist forms of expression. He altered conventional approaches to perspective and broke established rules of academic art by emphasizing the underlying structure of objects in a composition and the formal qualities of art. Cézanne strived for a renewal of traditional design methods on the basis of the impressionistic colour space and colour modulation principles.
Cézanne's often repetitive, exploratory brushstrokes are highly characteristic and recognizable. He used planes of colour and small brushstrokes that build up to form complex fields. The paintings convey Cézanne's intense study of his subjects.
His paintings initially provoked incomprehension and ridicule in contemporary art criticism. Until the late 1890s, it was mainly fellow artists such as Camille Pissarro and the art dealer and gallery owner Ambroise Vollard who discovered Cézanne's work. These were some of his first buyers. In 1895, Vollard opened the first solo exhibition in his Paris gallery, which led to a broader examination of Cézanne's work. Both Henri Matisse and Pablo Picasso are said to have remarked that Cézanne ""is the father of us all"".","Paul Cézanne",1800,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Cubism, Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, Romanticism, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""Post-Impressionism"", ""last_year"": 1970, ""birth_year"": 1839, ""death_year"": 1906, ""first_year"": 1855, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Aix-en-Provence"", ""citizenship"": ""France"", ""death_place"": ""Aix-en-Provence"", ""nationality"": ""French"", ""occupations"": ""painter, printmaker, drawer, lithographer"", ""teachers_raw"": null, ""painting_school"": null, ""styles_extended"": ""{Cubism:52},{Impressionism:105},{Post-Impressionism:317},{Romanticism:107},{Unknown:7}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Post-Impressionism:604},{Modern art:24},{Cubism:2},{Impressionism:3}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": ""Gustave Courbet,El Greco,Charles-Francois Daubigny,Nicolas Poussin,Pierre-Auguste Renoir,"", ""influenced_on_raw"": ""Pablo Picasso,Amedeo Modigliani,Jackson Pollock,Fernand Leger,Chaim Soutine,Piet Mondrian,Francis Bacon,Man Ray,Vilhelm Lundstrom,Paul Gauguin,Wassily Kandinsky,Roman Selsky,Adalbert Erdeli,Michel Kikoine,Giorgio Morandi,Józef Pankiewicz,Robert Falk,Harry Phelan Gibb,Marjorie Acker Phillips,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 588}","portraits/thumbs/Paul_C_zanne_thumb.jpg"
77,"Paul Gauguin",1848,1903,14,"portraits/Paul_Gauguin.png","Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin (; French: [øʒɛn ɑ̃ʁi pɔl ɡoɡɛ̃]; 7 June 1848 – 8 May 1903) was a French painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramist, and writer, whose work has been primarily associated with the Post-Impressionist and Symbolist movements. He was also an influential practitioner of wood engraving and woodcuts as art forms.","Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin (; French: [øʒɛn ɑ̃ʁi pɔl ɡoɡɛ̃]; 7 June 1848 – 8 May 1903) was a French painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramist, and writer, whose work has been primarily associated with the Post-Impressionist and Symbolist movements. He was also an influential practitioner of wood engraving and woodcuts as art forms. While only moderately successful during his lifetime, Gauguin has since been recognized for his experimental use of color and Synthetist style that were distinct from Impressionism.
Gauguin was born in Paris in 1848, amidst the tumult of Europe's revolutionary year. In 1850, Gauguin's family settled in Peru, where he experienced a privileged childhood (until the age of six) that left a lasting impression on him. Later, financial struggles led them back to France, where Gauguin received formal education. Initially working as a stockbroker, Gauguin started painting in his spare time, his interest in art kindled by visits to galleries and exhibitions. The financial crisis of 1882 significantly impacted his brokerage career, prompting a shift to full-time painting. Gauguin's art education was largely self-taught and informal, shaped significantly by his associations with other artists rather than academic training. His entry into the art world was facilitated by his acquaintance with Camille Pissarro, a leading Impressionist. Pissarro took on a mentor role for Gauguin, introducing him to other Impressionist artists and techniques.
He exhibited with the Impressionists in the early 1880s, but soon began developing his distinct style, characterized by a bolder use of color and less traditional subject matter. His work in Brittany and Martinique showcased his inclination towards depicting native life and landscapes. By the 1890s, Gauguin's art took a significant turn during his time in Tahiti, then a French colony, where he sought a refuge from the Western civilization. Gauguin's later years in Tahiti and the Marquesas Islands were marked by health problems and financial struggles.
His paintings from that period, characterized by vivid colors and Symbolist themes, would prove highly successful among the European viewers for their exploration of the relationships between people, nature, and the spiritual world. Gauguin's art became popular after his death, partially from the efforts of dealer Ambroise Vollard, who organized exhibitions of his work late in his career and assisted in organizing two important posthumous exhibitions in Paris. His work was influential on the French avant-garde and many modern artists, such as Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse, and he is well known for his relationship with Vincent and Theo van Gogh.","Paul Gauguin",1800,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Cloisonnism, Impressionism, Japonism, Naïve Art (Primitivism), Post-Impressionism, Synthetism, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""Symbolism"", ""last_year"": 1921, ""birth_year"": 1848, ""death_year"": 1903, ""first_year"": 1875, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Paris"", ""citizenship"": ""France"", ""death_place"": ""Atuona"", ""nationality"": ""French"", ""occupations"": ""illustrator, painter, sculptor, graphic artist, visual artist, ceramicist, printmaker, drawer, translator, artist, journalist, scenographer"", ""teachers_raw"": ""Camille Pissarro,Académie Colarossi, Paris, France,"", ""painting_school"": ""Pont-Aven School"", ""styles_extended"": ""{Cloisonnism:97},{Impressionism:153},{Japonism:6},{Naïve Art (Primitivism):1},{Post-Impressionism:244},{Synthetism:3},{Unknown:12}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Post-Impressionism:1},{Symbolism:1},{Primitivism:1},{Modern art:2},{Symbolism,Post-Impressionism:506}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": ""Edgar Degas,Camille Pissarro,Giotto,Raphael,Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres,Eugene Delacroix,Edouard Manet,Paul Cezanne,Alfred Sisley,"", ""influenced_on_raw"": ""Edvard Munch,Marc Chagall,Pablo Picasso,Robert Delaunay,Constantin Brancusi,Aristide Maillol,Vincent van Gogh,Arts and Crafts ,Mikhail Larionov,Victor Palmov,Emily Carr,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 516}","portraits/thumbs/Paul_Gauguin_thumb.jpg"
80,"Pierre-Auguste Renoir",1841,1919,13,"portraits/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir.jpg","Pierre-Auguste Renoir (; French: [pjɛʁ oɡyst ʁənwaʁ]; 25 February 1841 – 3 December 1919) was a leading French Impressionist artist. ""
He was the father of the actor Pierre Renoir (1885–1952), the filmmaker Jean Renoir (1894–1979) and the ceramic artist Claude Renoir (1901–1969).","Pierre-Auguste Renoir (; French: [pjɛʁ oɡyst ʁənwaʁ]; 25 February 1841 – 3 December 1919) was a leading French Impressionist artist. In his depiction of feminine beauty,  Renoir has been described as ""the final representative of a tradition which runs directly from Rubens to Watteau.""
He was the father of the actor Pierre Renoir (1885–1952), the filmmaker Jean Renoir (1894–1979) and the ceramic artist Claude Renoir (1901–1969). He was the grandfather of the filmmaker Claude Renoir (1913–1993), son of Pierre.","Pierre-Auguste Renoir",1800,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Impressionism, Japonism, Magic Realism, Orientalism, Realism, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""Impressionism"", ""last_year"": 1936, ""birth_year"": 1841, ""death_year"": 1919, ""first_year"": 1866, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Limoges"", ""citizenship"": ""France"", ""death_place"": ""Cagnes-sur-Mer"", ""nationality"": null, ""occupations"": ""porcelain painter, drawer, architectural draftsperson, printmaker, graphic artist, sculptor, painter, illustrator"", ""teachers_raw"": null, ""painting_school"": null, ""styles_extended"": ""{Impressionism:1368},{Japonism:1},{Magic Realism:1},{Orientalism:3},{Realism:22},{Unknown:17}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Modern art:3},{Impressionism:2}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": null, ""influenced_on_raw"": null, ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 1412}","portraits/thumbs/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir_thumb.jpg"
79,"Pierre Puvis de Chavannes",1824,1898,15,"portraits/Pierre_Puvis_de_Chavannes.jpg","Pierre Puvis de Chavannes (French pronunciation: [pjɛʁ pyvi də ʃavan]; 14 December 1824 – 24 October 1898) was a French painter known for his mural painting, who came to be known as ""the painter for France"". He became the co-founder and president of the Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts, and his work influenced many other artists, notably Robert Genin, and he aided medallists by designs and suggestions for their works.","Pierre Puvis de Chavannes (French pronunciation: [pjɛʁ pyvi də ʃavan]; 14 December 1824 – 24 October 1898) was a French painter known for his mural painting, who came to be known as ""the painter for France"". He became the co-founder and president of the Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts, and his work influenced many other artists, notably Robert Genin, and he aided medallists by designs and suggestions for their works. Puvis de Chavannes was a prominent painter in the early Third Republic. Émile Zola described his work as ""an art made of reason, passion, and will"".","Pierre Puvis de Chavannes",1800,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""Symbolism"", ""movement"": ""Symbolism"", ""last_year"": 1897, ""birth_year"": 1824, ""death_year"": 1898, ""first_year"": 1863, ""pupils_raw"": ""Anna Ancher,"", ""birth_place"": ""Lyon"", ""citizenship"": ""France"", ""death_place"": ""Paris"", ""nationality"": ""French"", ""occupations"": ""photographer, painter"", ""teachers_raw"": null, ""painting_school"": null, ""styles_extended"": ""{Symbolism:70}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Symbolism:72},{Modern art:1}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": null, ""influenced_on_raw"": ""Stanisław Wyspiański,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 70}","portraits/thumbs/Pierre_Puvis_de_Chavannes_thumb.jpg"
81,"Pontormo",1494,1557,7,"portraits/Pontormo.jpg","Jacopo Carucci or Carrucci (IPA: [ˈjaːkopo ka(r)ˈruttʃi]; May 24, 1494 – January 2, 1557), usually known as Jacopo (da) Pontormo or simply Pontormo (IPA: [ponˈtormo]), was an  Italian Mannerist painter and portraitist from the Florentine School. His work represents a profound stylistic shift from the calm perspectival regularity that characterized the art of the Florentine Renaissance.","Jacopo Carucci or Carrucci (IPA: [ˈjaːkopo ka(r)ˈruttʃi]; May 24, 1494 – January 2, 1557), usually known as Jacopo (da) Pontormo or simply Pontormo (IPA: [ponˈtormo]), was an  Italian Mannerist painter and portraitist from the Florentine School. His work represents a profound stylistic shift from the calm perspectival regularity that characterized the art of the Florentine Renaissance. He is famous for his use of twining poses, coupled with ambiguous perspective; his figures often seem to float in an uncertain environment, unhampered by the forces of gravity.","Pontormo",1400,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": null, ""movement"": ""{Mannerism (Late Renaissance):105}"", ""last_year"": 1523, ""birth_year"": 1494, ""death_year"": 1556, ""first_year"": 1512, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Empoli"", ""citizenship"": ""Italy"", ""death_place"": ""Florence"", ""nationality"": ""Italian"", ""occupations"": ""['painter', 'drawer']"", ""teachers_raw"": ""Mariotto Albertinelli,"", ""painting_school"": ""Florentine School"", ""styles_extended"": null, ""art500k_movements"": null, ""influenced_by_raw"": ""male-portraits,Christianity,Old-Testament,Christianity,saints-and-apostles,Holy-Family,Virgin-and-Child,Christianity,Jesus-Christ,Christianity,saints-and-apostles,Virgin-and-Child,St.-Peter,St.-Sebastian,St.-Benedict,St.-Philip,St. Anne,Christianity,saints-and-apostles,St.-Elizabeth,Virgin-Mary,Greek-and-Roman-Mythology,female-nude,female-portraits,Christianity,saints-and-apostles,St. Luke,Christianity,saints-and-apostles,male-portraits,famous-people,male-portraits,group-portraits,Christianity,saints-and-apostles,Virgin-and-Child,"", ""influenced_on_raw"": ""Louvre, Paris, France,National Gallery, London, UK,Bode Museum, Berlin, Germany,Uffizi Gallery, Florence, Italy,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": null}","portraits/thumbs/Pontormo_thumb.jpg"
82,"Raphael",1483,1520,6,"portraits/Raphael.jpg","Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino (Italian: [raffaˈɛllo ˈsantsjo da urˈbiːno]; March 28 or 6 April 1483 – 6 April 1520), now generally known in English as Raphael (UK:  RAF-ay-əl, US:  RAF-ee-əl, RAY-fee-, RAH-fy-EL), was an Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance. His work is admired for its clarity of form, ease of composition, and visual achievement of the Neoplatonic ideal of human grandeur.","Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino (Italian: [raffaˈɛllo ˈsantsjo da urˈbiːno]; March 28 or 6 April 1483 – 6 April 1520), now generally known in English as Raphael (UK:  RAF-ay-əl, US:  RAF-ee-əl, RAY-fee-, RAH-fy-EL), was an Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance. His work is admired for its clarity of form, ease of composition, and visual achievement of the Neoplatonic ideal of human grandeur. Together with Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, he forms the traditional trinity of great masters of that period.
His father Giovanni Santi was court painter to the ruler of the small but highly cultured city of Urbino. He died when Raphael was eleven, and Raphael seems to have played a role in managing the family workshop from this point. He probably trained in the workshop of Pietro Perugino, and was described as a fully trained ""master"" by 1500. He worked in or for several cities in north Italy until in 1508 he moved to Rome at the invitation of Pope Julius II, to work on the Apostolic Palace at the Vatican. He was given a series of important commissions there and elsewhere in the city, and began to work as an architect. He was still at the height of his powers at his death in 1520.
Raphael was enormously productive, running an unusually large workshop and, despite his early death at 37, leaving a large body of work. His career falls naturally into three phases and three styles, first described by Giorgio Vasari: his early years in Umbria, then a period of about four years (1504–1508) absorbing the artistic traditions of Florence, followed by his last hectic and triumphant twelve years in Rome, working for two popes and their close associates. Many of his works are found in the Vatican Palace, where the frescoed Raphael Rooms were the central, and the largest, work of his career. The best known work is The School of Athens in the Vatican Stanza della Segnatura. After his early years in Rome, much of his work was executed by his workshop from his drawings, with considerable loss of quality. He was extremely influential in his lifetime, though outside Rome his work was mostly known from his collaborative printmaking.

After his death, the influence of his great rival Michelangelo exceeded his until the 18th and 19th centuries, when Raphael's more serene and harmonious qualities were again regarded as the highest models. Thanks to the influence of art historian Johann Joachim Winckelmann, his work became a formative influence on Neoclassical painting, but his techniques would later be explicitly and emphatically rejected by groups such as the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood.","Raphael",1400,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""High Renaissance, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""High Renaissance"", ""last_year"": 1520, ""birth_year"": 1483, ""death_year"": 1520, ""first_year"": 1499, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Urbino"", ""citizenship"": ""Holy Roman Empire"", ""death_place"": ""Rome"", ""nationality"": ""Italian"", ""occupations"": ""fresco painter, drawer, architectural draftsperson, designer, sculptor, painter, court painter, architect, university teacher, illustrator"", ""teachers_raw"": ""Pietro Perugino,"", ""painting_school"": ""Umbrian school"", ""styles_extended"": ""{High Renaissance:130},{Unknown:54}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{High Renaissance:186},{Italian Renaissance:1},{Renaissance:1}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": ""Albrecht Durer,Paolo Uccello,Luca Signorelli,Michelangelo,Hans Memling,"", ""influenced_on_raw"": ""Giorgio de Chirico,Annibale Carracci,Jacopo Bassano,Paul Gauguin,Francisco Pacheco,Titian,Nicolas Poussin,Edgar Degas,Pierre-Auguste Renoir,Anton Raphael Mengs,Nazarenes,Düsseldorf School of Painting,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 184}","portraits/thumbs/Raphael_thumb.jpg"
89,"Simone Martini",1284,1344,3,"portraits/Simone_Martini.jpg","Simone Martini (c. 1284 – July 1344) was an Italian painter born in Siena.","Simone Martini (c. 1284 – July 1344) was an Italian painter born in Siena.
He was a major figure in the development of early Italian painting and greatly influenced the development of the International Gothic style.
It is thought that Martini was a pupil of Duccio di Buoninsegna, the leading Sienese painter of his time. According to late Renaissance art biographer Giorgio Vasari, Simone was instead a pupil of Giotto di Bondone, with whom he went to Rome to paint at the Old St. Peter's Basilica, Giotto also executing a mosaic there. Martini's brother-in-law was the artist Lippo Memmi. Very little documentation of Simone's life survives, and many attributions are debated by art historians. According to E. H. Gombrich, he was a friend of Petrarch and had painted a portrait of Laura.","Simone Martini",1200,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""International Gothic, Unknown"", ""movement"": ""Gothic Art"", ""last_year"": 1342, ""birth_year"": 1284, ""death_year"": null, ""first_year"": 1319, ""pupils_raw"": null, ""birth_place"": ""Siena"", ""citizenship"": ""Italy"", ""death_place"": null, ""nationality"": ""Italian"", ""occupations"": ""computer scientist, university teacher"", ""teachers_raw"": null, ""painting_school"": ""Sienese School"", ""styles_extended"": ""{International Gothic:9},{Unknown:1}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Gothic Art:10}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": null, ""influenced_on_raw"": ""Ambrogio Lorenzetti,Pietro Lorenzetti,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 10}","portraits/thumbs/Simone_Martini_thumb.jpg"
92,"Titian",1488,1576,6,"portraits/Titian.jpg","Tiziano Vecellio (Italian: [titˈtsjaːno veˈtʃɛlljo]; c. 1488/1490 – 27 August 1576), Latinized as Titianus, hence known in English as Titian (  TISH-ən), was an Italian Renaissance painter.","Tiziano Vecellio (Italian: [titˈtsjaːno veˈtʃɛlljo]; c. 1488/1490 – 27 August 1576), Latinized as Titianus, hence known in English as Titian (  TISH-ən), was an Italian Renaissance painter. The most important artist of Renaissance Venetian painting, he was born in Pieve di Cadore, near Belluno.
Titian was one of the most versatile of Italian painters, equally adept with portraits, landscape backgrounds, and mythological and religious subjects. His painting methods, particularly in the application and use of colour, exerted a profound influence not only on painters of the late Italian Renaissance, but on future generations of Western artists.
His career was successful from the start, and he became sought after by patrons, initially from Venice and its possessions, then joined by the north Italian princes, and finally the Habsburgs and the papacy. Along with Giorgione, he is considered a founder of the Venetian school of Italian Renaissance painting. In 1590, the painter and art theorist Giovanni Paolo Lomazzo described Titian as ""the sun amidst small stars not only among the Italians but all the painters of the world"".
During his long life, Titian's artistic manner changed drastically, but he retained a lifelong interest in colour. Although his mature works may not contain the vivid, luminous tints of his early pieces, they are remarkable and original in their loose brushwork and subtlety of tone.","Titian",1400,False,False,"{""gender"": ""male"", ""source"": ""PainterPalette.csv"", ""styles"": ""High Renaissance, Mannerism (Late Renaissance), Unknown"", ""movement"": ""High Renaissance"", ""last_year"": 1576, ""birth_year"": 1490, ""death_year"": 1576, ""first_year"": 1500, ""pupils_raw"": ""El Greco,Annibale Carracci,"", ""birth_place"": ""Pieve di Cadore"", ""citizenship"": ""Republic of Venice"", ""death_place"": ""Venice"", ""nationality"": ""Italian"", ""occupations"": ""painter, printmaker, architectural draftsperson, drawer"", ""teachers_raw"": ""Giovanni Bellini,"", ""painting_school"": ""Venetian School"", ""styles_extended"": ""{High Renaissance:109},{Mannerism (Late Renaissance):92},{Unknown:65}"", ""art500k_movements"": ""{Italian Renaissance:1},{Venetian school:1},{Renaissance:1},{High Renaissance,Mannerism (Late Renaissance):254}"", ""influenced_by_raw"": ""Albrecht Durer,Giorgione,Raphael,Michelangelo,"", ""influenced_on_raw"": ""Jacopo Bassano,Peter Paul Rubens,Diego Velazquez,Caravaggio,Rembrandt,Nicolas Poussin,Edgar Degas,Anton Raphael Mengs,Anthony van Dyck,John Singer Sargent,William Dobson,Claudio Coello,"", ""wikiart_pictures_count"": 266}","portraits/thumbs/Titian_thumb.jpg"