Add Russian i18n with DB translations, locale API, and curator review UI.

UI chrome via react-i18next, catalog text in entity_translations with ru.wikipedia seeding, locale-aware search, and Translations page for publish workflow. Co-authored-by: Cursor <cursoragent@cursor.com>
2026-07-15 11:51:46 +03:00
parent f247b418d8
commit ca58c43648
51 changed files with 2252 additions and 101 deletions
@@ -171,6 +171,32 @@ Movements are filtered to those with at least one artist active in the requested

 ---

+## Locale (`?locale=ru`)
+
+Public catalog endpoints accept optional **`locale`** query param (`en` default, `ru` supported) or `Accept-Language: ru`.
+
+Affected routes: `/api/catalog/bootstrap`, `/api/timeline`, `/api/search`, `/api/artists`, `/api/artists/:id`, `/api/paintings/:id`, `/api/movements/:id/gallery`, `/api/movements/:id/artists`, `/api/artists/:id/navigation`.
+
+Responses include `"locale": "ru"` when resolved. Display field names are unchanged; values come from `entity_translations` when `status = published`, else canonical English.
+
+Full guide: [i18n-russian.md](i18n-russian.md).
+
+---
+
+## Translations (curator)
+
+Requires curator session. Base path: `/api/translations`.
+
+| Method | Path | Purpose |
+|--------|------|---------|
+| `GET` | `/api/translations/coverage?locale=ru` | Coverage stats |
+| `GET` | `/api/translations/worklist/:entityType?locale=ru` | Artists/paintings/movements with translation status |
+| `GET` | `/api/translations/:entityType/:id` | Canonical + all translation rows |
+| `PUT` | `/api/translations/:entityType/:id` | Upsert fields `{ locale, fields, status }` |
+| `POST` | `/api/translations/:entityType/:id/publish` | Publish all draft/reviewed rows for locale |
+
+---
+
 ## `GET /api/search`

 Public catalog search over **artists**, **paintings**, and **art movements**. Used by the timeline header search bar (`CatalogSearchBar.tsx`).
@@ -182,6 +208,7 @@ Public catalog search over **artists**, **paintings**, and **art movements**. Us
 | `q` | string | — | Search text (min **2** characters after trim; shorter returns `{ q, results: [] }`) |
 | `limit` | int | 20 | Max results total (capped at **50**) |
 | `types` | string | all | Optional comma list: `artist`, `painting`, `movement` |
+| `locale` | string | `en` | `ru` — search and return published Russian aliases when available |

 **Matching (case-insensitive `ILIKE`):**

@@ -190,6 +217,7 @@ Public catalog search over **artists**, **paintings**, and **art movements**. Us
 | Artist | `name`, `wikipedia_title`, movement name |
 | Movement | movement `name`, era name |
 | Painting | `title`, `wikipedia_title`, `year` (as text), artist name, movement name |
+| All (when `locale=ru`) | Published rows in `entity_translations` for `name` / `title` |

 Prefix matches on primary labels (`name` / `title`) rank before substring matches.

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 this file contains draft for future releases and features

-1. Multy language support, russian version at least, search for best implementation, preferably story in db and easily expandable. tool to check and correct translation
+1. ~~Multi language support, russian version at least~~ — done: UI i18n (EN/RU) + `entity_translations` DB + curator Translations tool — [i18n-russian.md](i18n-russian.md)
 2. tool to manage links (influence/influenced by ) import csv's ( define format), edit ,add, delete, visualize, map to pictures/ entities
 3. tool to monitor/manage (plan actions) of curator actions, markers to check painting/text ?
 4. ~~tool to sync prod /env resources (both ways), db structure, db data, images, users etc~~ — done for catalog DB + images: `npm run harmonize` (schema dev→prod only; users/audit excluded) — [harmonize-dev-prod.md](harmonize-dev-prod.md)
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ Reports are written to `db/SyncReports/harmonize_db_*.json` and `harmonize_image

 Processed in FK order:

-`historical_eras` → `art_movements` → `artists` → `artist_periods` → `paintings` → `painting_influences` → `painting_influence_sources` → `painting_annotations`
+`historical_eras` → `art_movements` → `artists` → `artist_periods` → `paintings` → `painting_influences` → `painting_influence_sources` → `painting_annotations` → **`entity_translations`**

 ---

@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+# Russian localization (i18n)
+
+Full Russian support: **UI chrome** via `react-i18next`, **catalog text** via PostgreSQL `entity_translations`, with Cyrillic display aliases where available and English fallback.
+
+---
+
+## Architecture
+
+| Layer | English | Russian |
+|-------|---------|---------|
+| UI labels, buttons | `client/src/locales/en/*.json` | `client/src/locales/ru/*.json` |
+| Names / titles (display) | canonical DB columns | `entity_translations` (`name`, `title`) |
+| Bios, notes, descriptions | canonical DB columns | `entity_translations` (`bio_full`, `body`, `notes`, …) |
+
+English remains canonical in main tables. Russian rows use `status`: `draft` → `reviewed` → `published`. Public API returns only **`published`** (unless curator preview).
+
+---
+
+## User-facing locale switch
+
+Timeline header: **EN | RU** toggle (`LocaleSwitcher`).
+
+- Persists `gallery_locale` in `localStorage`
+- Sets `document.documentElement.lang`
+- Passes `?locale=ru` on catalog API requests
+- Refetches bootstrap catalog when locale changes
+
+---
+
+## Setup (dev)
+
+```powershell
+npm run dev:migrate              # includes migrate-i18n.sql
+npm run dev:fetch-artist-bios-ru # draft bios + Cyrillic names from ru.wikipedia
+# Curator: Translations page → review → Publish
+npm run dev:import-translations -- --file path/to/translations.json --publish
+```
+
+Optional manual import JSON:
+
+```json
+[
+  { "entity_type": "painting", "entity_id": 42, "field_name": "title", "value": "Джоконда", "status": "published", "source": "manual" }
+]
+```
+
+CSV: `entity_type,entity_id,field_name,value,status,source`
+
+---
+
+## Curator translation review
+
+1. Sign in as curator
+2. Header → **Translations** (or **Переводы** in RU UI)
+3. Pick entity type (artist / painting / movement)
+4. Select row → edit Russian fields side-by-side with English canonical
+5. **Publish** saves and marks rows `published`
+
+Coverage stats show artists with `bio_full`, paintings with `title` alias, draft vs published counts.
+
+API (curator-only): see [API.md](API.md#translations-curator).
+
+---
+
+## Translatable fields (v1)
+
+| entity_type | fields |
+|-------------|--------|
+| `era`, `movement` | `name`, `description` |
+| `artist` | `name`, `bio_short`, `bio_full` |
+| `artist_period` | `name`, `description` |
+| `painting` | `title`, `description` |
+| `annotation` | `label`, `body` |
+| `influence_source` | `notes`, `aspects`, `quote`, `period_note` |
+
+---
+
+## API locale
+
+Public endpoints accept `?locale=ru` or `Accept-Language: ru`. Responses include `"locale": "ru"` on catalog payloads; field names unchanged — values are already resolved.
+
+Search matches canonical text **or** published Russian aliases.
+
+---
+
+## Prod rollout
+
+1. `npm run dev:migrate` on dev; prod schema: `npm run harmonize:schema` (dev → prod only)
+2. Seed Russian on dev: `npm run dev:fetch-artist-bios-ru`
+3. Curator review + publish
+4. `npm run harmonize` to sync `entity_translations` to prod (or full promote if preferred)
+
+`entity_translations` is included in [`harmonize-db.js`](../scripts/harmonize-db.js) catalog sync.
+
+---
+
+## npm scripts
+
+| Script | Purpose |
+|--------|---------|
+| `dev:migrate:i18n` | Apply `entity_translations` table only |
+| `dev:fetch-artist-bios-ru` | Fetch ru.wikipedia bios into translations (draft) |
+| `dev:import-translations` | Import JSON/CSV translation rows |
+
+See also [setup.md](setup.md), [environments.md](environments.md), [harmonize-dev-prod.md](harmonize-dev-prod.md).
@@ -89,6 +89,9 @@ npm run dev:update-influences          # painting influence graph for detail vie
 npm run dev:migrate:checkup-flags      # optional: review/fixed flags for Checkup page (paintings)
 npm run dev:migrate:artist-checkup-flags  # optional: same flags for artist portraits (bio debug)
 npm run dev:migrate:search               # optional on very old DBs — also applied by dev:migrate / prod Step 4
+npm run dev:migrate:i18n                 # optional — entity_translations (also in dev:migrate)
+npm run dev:fetch-artist-bios-ru         # draft Russian bios + Cyrillic names from ru.wikipedia
+npm run dev:import-translations -- --file path/to/file.json  # bulk translation import
 npm run dev:migrate:painting-annotations  # optional: art-history notes table
 npm run dev:update-painting-annotations   # optional: load curated notes (+ --wikipedia for Wikipedia intros)
 npm run dev:fetch-images -- --limit=50                # random sample; 10s max per painting (default)
@@ -117,7 +120,7 @@ Image fetch can take hours if you run it for the entire catalog. The first line
 | `npm run dev:server` | API with nodemon reload (local HMR workflow) |
 | `npm run dev:client` | Vite dev server on :5173 |

-See [environments.md](environments.md) for dev/prod URLs, database split, Docker deploy, and sync commands. For incremental dev ↔ prod merge (both sides edited), see [harmonize-dev-prod.md](harmonize-dev-prod.md). Quick reference: [FAC.md](FAC.md).
+See [environments.md](environments.md) for dev/prod URLs, database split, Docker deploy, and sync commands. For Russian UI + catalog text, see [i18n-russian.md](i18n-russian.md). Quick reference: [FAC.md](FAC.md).

 **Production frontend:** build the client, then start the server:

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
    <meta charset="UTF-8" />
    <link rel="icon" type="image/svg+xml" href="/favicon.svg" />
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
-    <title>client</title>
+    <title>Virtual Art Gallery</title>
  </head>
  <body>
    <div id="root"></div>
@@ -10,8 +10,10 @@
      "dependencies": {
        "@react-three/drei": "^10.7.7",
        "@react-three/fiber": "^9.6.1",
+        "i18next": "^26.3.6",
        "react": "^19.2.6",
        "react-dom": "^19.2.6",
+        "react-i18next": "^17.0.9",
        "react-router-dom": "^7.18.0",
        "three": "^0.184.0"
      },
@@ -2077,6 +2079,43 @@
      "integrity": "sha512-VSIRpLfRwlAAdGL4wiTucx2ScRipo0ed1FBatWkyt832jC4CReKstga6yIhYVwGu9LOBjuX9wzmRMeQdBJtzEA==",
      "license": "Apache-2.0"
    },
+    "node_modules/html-parse-stringify": {
+      "version": "3.0.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/html-parse-stringify/-/html-parse-stringify-3.0.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-KknJ50kTInJ7qIScF3jeaFRpMpE8/lfiTdzf/twXyPBLAGrLRTmkz3AdTnKeh40X8k9L2fdYwEp/42WGXIRGcg==",
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "void-elements": "3.1.0"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/i18next": {
+      "version": "26.3.6",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/i18next/-/i18next-26.3.6.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-Bu5Z2nAXgfVyM8xvW3jk9EKRIuX37PudsrBViThNFx7CR7aaYTpP01cxNB/E4c4UUzTDiAZRstEhsRfPOL/8xA==",
+      "funding": [
+        {
+          "type": "individual",
+          "url": "https://www.locize.com/i18next"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "individual",
+          "url": "https://www.i18next.com/how-to/faq#i18next-is-awesome.-how-can-i-support-the-project"
+        },
+        {
+          "type": "individual",
+          "url": "https://www.locize.com"
+        }
+      ],
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "peerDependencies": {
+        "typescript": "^5 || ^6 || ^7"
+      },
+      "peerDependenciesMeta": {
+        "typescript": {
+          "optional": true
+        }
+      }
+    },
    "node_modules/ieee754": {
      "version": "1.2.1",
      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/ieee754/-/ieee754-1.2.1.tgz",
@@ -2815,6 +2854,33 @@
        "react": "^19.2.7"
      }
    },
+    "node_modules/react-i18next": {
+      "version": "17.0.9",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/react-i18next/-/react-i18next-17.0.9.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-buLzOSqHtXxjf+qgSrLWNTXVZ1jSwO6kUv3uJqSP1roGBPgNnbhFm7OmdVwWcgf2gIbUyP0J333uPyx+Btsi3w==",
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "@babel/runtime": "^7.29.2",
+        "html-parse-stringify": "^3.0.1",
+        "use-sync-external-store": "^1.6.0"
+      },
+      "peerDependencies": {
+        "i18next": ">= 26.2.0",
+        "react": ">= 16.8.0",
+        "typescript": "^5 || ^6 || ^7"
+      },
+      "peerDependenciesMeta": {
+        "react-dom": {
+          "optional": true
+        },
+        "react-native": {
+          "optional": true
+        },
+        "typescript": {
+          "optional": true
+        }
+      }
+    },
    "node_modules/react-router": {
      "version": "7.18.0",
      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/react-router/-/react-router-7.18.0.tgz",
@@ -3159,7 +3225,7 @@
      "version": "6.0.3",
      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/typescript/-/typescript-6.0.3.tgz",
      "integrity": "sha512-y2TvuxSZPDyQakkFRPZHKFm+KKVqIisdg9/CZwm9ftvKXLP8NRWj38/ODjNbr43SsoXqNuAisEf1GdCxqWcdBw==",
-      "dev": true,
+      "devOptional": true,
      "license": "Apache-2.0",
      "bin": {
        "tsc": "bin/tsc",
@@ -3337,6 +3403,15 @@
        }
      }
    },
+    "node_modules/void-elements": {
+      "version": "3.1.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/void-elements/-/void-elements-3.1.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-Dhxzh5HZuiHQhbvTW9AMetFfBHDMYpo23Uo9btPXgdYP+3T5S+p+jgNy7spra+veYhBP2dCSgxR/i2Y02h5/6w==",
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=0.10.0"
+      }
+    },
    "node_modules/webgl-constants": {
      "version": "1.1.1",
      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/webgl-constants/-/webgl-constants-1.1.1.tgz",
@@ -12,8 +12,10 @@
  "dependencies": {
    "@react-three/drei": "^10.7.7",
    "@react-three/fiber": "^9.6.1",
+    "i18next": "^26.3.6",
    "react": "^19.2.6",
    "react-dom": "^19.2.6",
+    "react-i18next": "^17.0.9",
    "react-router-dom": "^7.18.0",
    "three": "^0.184.0"
  },
@@ -9,9 +9,31 @@ import type {
  ArtistNavigation,
  CatalogSearchResponse,
 } from '../types';
+import { readStoredLocale, type AppLocale } from '../utils/localeStorage';

 const API = '/api';

+let apiLocale: AppLocale = readStoredLocale();
+
+export function setApiLocale(locale: AppLocale) {
+  apiLocale = locale;
+}
+
+export function getApiLocale(): AppLocale {
+  return apiLocale;
+}
+
+function localeParams(base?: URLSearchParams): URLSearchParams {
+  const params = base ?? new URLSearchParams();
+  if (apiLocale !== 'en') params.set('locale', apiLocale);
+  return params;
+}
+
+function localizedPath(path: string, params?: URLSearchParams): string {
+  const qs = localeParams(params).toString();
+  return qs ? `${path}?${qs}` : path;
+}
+
 const fetchCredentials: RequestInit = { credentials: 'include' };

 export type AuthRole = 'user' | 'curator';
@@ -293,18 +315,19 @@ export const api = {
    const params = new URLSearchParams();
    if (start != null) params.set('start', String(start));
    if (end != null) params.set('end', String(end));
-    const qs = params.toString();
-    return fetchJson<CatalogBootstrap>(`${API}/catalog/bootstrap${qs ? `?${qs}` : ''}`);
+    return fetchJson<CatalogBootstrap>(localizedPath(`${API}/catalog/bootstrap`, params));
  },

-  getTimeline: (start: number, end: number) =>
-    fetchJson<TimelineData>(`${API}/timeline?start=${start}&end=${end}`),
+  getTimeline: (start: number, end: number) => {
+    const params = new URLSearchParams({ start: String(start), end: String(end) });
+    return fetchJson<TimelineData>(localizedPath(`${API}/timeline`, params));
+  },

  search: (q: string, options?: { limit?: number; types?: string }) => {
    const params = new URLSearchParams({ q });
    if (options?.limit != null) params.set('limit', String(options.limit));
    if (options?.types) params.set('types', options.types);
-    return fetchJson<CatalogSearchResponse>(`${API}/search?${params}`);
+    return fetchJson<CatalogSearchResponse>(localizedPath(`${API}/search`, params));
  },

  getArtists: (start?: number, end?: number, movementId?: number) => {
@@ -312,20 +335,20 @@ export const api = {
    if (start != null) params.set('start', String(start));
    if (end != null) params.set('end', String(end));
    if (movementId != null) params.set('movement_id', String(movementId));
-    return fetchJson<Artist[]>(`${API}/artists?${params}`);
+    return fetchJson<Artist[]>(localizedPath(`${API}/artists`, params));
  },

  /** Lightweight artist rows for the timeline (no biography text). */
-  getTimelineArtists: () => fetchJson<Artist[]>(`${API}/artists?timeline=1`),
+  getTimelineArtists: () => fetchJson<Artist[]>(localizedPath(`${API}/artists`, new URLSearchParams({ timeline: '1' }))),

-  getArtist: (id: number) => fetchJson<ArtistDetail>(`${API}/artists/${id}`),
+  getArtist: (id: number) => fetchJson<ArtistDetail>(localizedPath(`${API}/artists/${id}`)),

-  getMovementGallery: (id: number) => fetchJson<MovementGalleryDetail>(`${API}/movements/${id}/gallery`),
+  getMovementGallery: (id: number) => fetchJson<MovementGalleryDetail>(localizedPath(`${API}/movements/${id}/gallery`)),

  getArtistNavigation: (id: number) =>
-    fetchJson<ArtistNavigation>(`${API}/artists/${id}/navigation`),
+    fetchJson<ArtistNavigation>(localizedPath(`${API}/artists/${id}/navigation`)),

-  getPainting: (id: number) => fetchJson<PaintingDetail>(`${API}/paintings/${id}`),
+  getPainting: (id: number) => fetchJson<PaintingDetail>(localizedPath(`${API}/paintings/${id}`)),

  getPaintingDebugImageSearch: (id: number) =>
    fetchJson<DebugImageSearchResult>(`${API}/paintings/${id}/debug-image-search`),
@@ -448,9 +471,77 @@ export const api = {
      return res.json() as Promise<{ checked: boolean; fixed: boolean }>;
    }),

+  getTranslationCoverage: (locale = 'ru') =>
+    fetchJson<{ locale: string; coverage: Record<string, number> }>(
+      `${API}/translations/coverage?locale=${encodeURIComponent(locale)}`
+    ),
+
+  getTranslationWorklist: (entityType: string, locale = 'ru') =>
+    fetchJson<{ items: TranslationWorklistItem[] }>(
+      `${API}/translations/worklist/${encodeURIComponent(entityType)}?locale=${encodeURIComponent(locale)}`
+    ),
+
+  getEntityTranslation: (entityType: string, id: number) =>
+    fetchJson<TranslationDetail>(`${API}/translations/${encodeURIComponent(entityType)}/${id}`),
+
+  saveEntityTranslation: (
+    entityType: string,
+    id: number,
+    payload: { locale: string; fields: Record<string, string>; status?: string }
+  ) =>
+    fetch(`${API}/translations/${encodeURIComponent(entityType)}/${id}`, {
+      ...fetchCredentials,
+      method: 'PUT',
+      headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+      body: JSON.stringify(payload),
+    }).then(async (res) => {
+      if (!res.ok) {
+        const body = await res.json().catch(() => ({}));
+        throw new Error(body.error || `Save failed: ${res.status}`);
+      }
+      return res.json();
+    }),
+
+  publishEntityTranslation: (entityType: string, id: number, locale = 'ru') =>
+    fetch(`${API}/translations/${encodeURIComponent(entityType)}/${id}/publish`, {
+      ...fetchCredentials,
+      method: 'POST',
+      headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
+      body: JSON.stringify({ locale }),
+    }).then(async (res) => {
+      if (!res.ok) {
+        const body = await res.json().catch(() => ({}));
+        throw new Error(body.error || `Publish failed: ${res.status}`);
+      }
+      return res.json();
+    }),
+
  preloadArtistImages,
 };

+export interface TranslationWorklistItem {
+  entityId: number;
+  label: string;
+  publishedCount: number;
+  draftCount: number;
+  missingFields: string[];
+}
+
+export interface TranslationDetail {
+  entityType: string;
+  entityId: number;
+  canonical: Record<string, unknown>;
+  translatableFields: string[];
+  translations: Array<{
+    locale: string;
+    field_name: string;
+    value: string;
+    status: string;
+    source: string | null;
+    updated_at: string;
+  }>;
+}
+
 export function debugImageProxyUrl(
  imageUrl: string,
  context?: { searchUrl?: string; source?: string }
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { useCallback, useEffect, useId, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react';
+import { useTranslation } from 'react-i18next';
 import type { CatalogSearchResult } from '../types';
 import { api, imageUrl, portraitThumbUrl } from '../api/client';
 import './CatalogSearchBar.css';
@@ -10,11 +11,6 @@ interface Props {
 }

 const TYPE_ORDER: CatalogSearchResult['type'][] = ['artist', 'movement', 'painting'];
-const TYPE_LABELS: Record<CatalogSearchResult['type'], string> = {
-  artist: 'Artists',
-  movement: 'Movements',
-  painting: 'Paintings',
-};

 function resultKey(item: CatalogSearchResult): string {
  return `${item.type}-${item.id}`;
@@ -30,6 +26,12 @@ export default function CatalogSearchBar({
  onSelectMovement,
  onSelectPainting,
 }: Props) {
+  const { t } = useTranslation('search');
+  const typeLabels: Record<CatalogSearchResult['type'], string> = {
+    artist: t('groupArtist'),
+    movement: t('groupMovement'),
+    painting: t('groupPainting'),
+  };
  const listboxId = useId();
  const rootRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null);
  const inputRef = useRef<HTMLInputElement>(null);
@@ -91,7 +93,7 @@ export default function CatalogSearchBar({
        .catch(() => {
          if (cancelled) return;
          setResults([]);
-          setError('Search failed.');
+          setError(t('searchFailed'));
          setOpen(true);
          setActiveIndex(-1);
        })
@@ -141,7 +143,7 @@ export default function CatalogSearchBar({
  return (
    <div className="catalog-search" ref={rootRef}>
      <label className="catalog-search-label" htmlFor={`${listboxId}-input`}>
-        Search
+        {t('label')}
      </label>
      <div className="catalog-search-field">
        <input
@@ -156,7 +158,7 @@ export default function CatalogSearchBar({
          aria-activedescendant={
            showPanel && activeIndex >= 0 ? `${listboxId}-opt-${activeIndex}` : undefined
          }
-          placeholder="Search artists, paintings, movements…"
+          placeholder={t('placeholder')}
          value={query}
          autoComplete="off"
          spellCheck={false}
@@ -177,15 +179,15 @@ export default function CatalogSearchBar({
          id={`${listboxId}-listbox`}
          className="catalog-search-panel"
          role="listbox"
-          aria-label="Search results"
+          aria-label={t('resultsLabel')}
        >
          {error && <p className="catalog-search-message catalog-search-error">{error}</p>}
          {!error && !loading && flatResults.length === 0 && (
-            <p className="catalog-search-message">No matches found.</p>
+            <p className="catalog-search-message">{t('noMatches')}</p>
          )}
          {grouped.map((group) => (
            <div key={group.type} className="catalog-search-group">
-              <p className="catalog-search-group-label">{TYPE_LABELS[group.type]}</p>
+              <p className="catalog-search-group-label">{typeLabels[group.type]}</p>
              <ul className="catalog-search-list">
                {group.items.map((item) => {
                  const flatIndex = flatResults.findIndex((r) => resultKey(r) === resultKey(item));
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { useEffect, useState, type FormEvent } from 'react';
+import { useTranslation } from 'react-i18next';
 import './CuratorLoginModal.css';

 interface Props {
@@ -8,6 +9,8 @@ interface Props {
 }

 export default function CuratorLoginModal({ open, onClose, onLogin }: Props) {
+  const { t } = useTranslation('debug');
+  const { t: tc } = useTranslation('common');
  const [username, setUsername] = useState('');
  const [password, setPassword] = useState('');
  const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null);
@@ -32,7 +35,7 @@ export default function CuratorLoginModal({ open, onClose, onLogin }: Props) {
      await onLogin(username.trim(), password);
      onClose();
    } catch (err) {
-      setError(err instanceof Error ? err.message : 'Login failed');
+      setError(err instanceof Error ? err.message : t('loginFailed'));
    } finally {
      setSubmitting(false);
    }
@@ -47,13 +50,13 @@ export default function CuratorLoginModal({ open, onClose, onLogin }: Props) {
        aria-modal="true"
        onMouseDown={(e) => e.stopPropagation()}
      >
-        <h2 id="curator-login-title">Curator login</h2>
+        <h2 id="curator-login-title">{t('loginTitle')}</h2>
        <p className="curator-login-hint">
          Debug tools and catalog edits require a curator account.
        </p>
        <form onSubmit={handleSubmit}>
          <label className="curator-login-field">
-            <span>Username</span>
+            <span>{t('username')}</span>
            <input
              type="text"
              autoComplete="username"
@@ -64,7 +67,7 @@ export default function CuratorLoginModal({ open, onClose, onLogin }: Props) {
            />
          </label>
          <label className="curator-login-field">
-            <span>Password</span>
+            <span>{t('password')}</span>
            <input
              type="password"
              autoComplete="current-password"
@@ -77,10 +80,10 @@ export default function CuratorLoginModal({ open, onClose, onLogin }: Props) {
          {error && <p className="curator-login-error">{error}</p>}
          <div className="curator-login-actions">
            <button type="button" className="curator-login-cancel" onClick={onClose} disabled={submitting}>
-              Cancel
+              {tc('cancel')}
            </button>
            <button type="submit" className="curator-login-submit" disabled={submitting}>
-              {submitting ? 'Signing in…' : 'Sign in'}
+              {submitting ? t('saving') : t('signIn')}
            </button>
          </div>
        </form>
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+.locale-switcher {
+  display: inline-flex;
+  border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.25);
+  border-radius: 6px;
+  overflow: hidden;
+}
+
+.locale-switcher-btn {
+  background: transparent;
+  color: inherit;
+  border: none;
+  padding: 0.25rem 0.55rem;
+  font-size: 0.75rem;
+  font-weight: 600;
+  cursor: pointer;
+  opacity: 0.75;
+}
+
+.locale-switcher-btn-active {
+  background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15);
+  opacity: 1;
+}
+
+.locale-switcher-btn:hover {
+  opacity: 1;
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+import { useTranslation } from 'react-i18next';
+import i18n from '../i18n';
+import { setApiLocale } from '../api/client';
+import { writeStoredLocale, type AppLocale } from '../utils/localeStorage';
+import './LocaleSwitcher.css';
+
+interface Props {
+  onLocaleChange?: (locale: AppLocale) => void;
+}
+
+export default function LocaleSwitcher({ onLocaleChange }: Props) {
+  const { t } = useTranslation('common');
+  const current = (i18n.language === 'ru' ? 'ru' : 'en') as AppLocale;
+
+  const setLocale = (locale: AppLocale) => {
+    if (locale === current) return;
+    void i18n.changeLanguage(locale);
+    writeStoredLocale(locale);
+    setApiLocale(locale);
+    onLocaleChange?.(locale);
+  };
+
+  return (
+    <div className="locale-switcher" role="group" aria-label={t('language')}>
+      <button
+        type="button"
+        className={`locale-switcher-btn${current === 'en' ? ' locale-switcher-btn-active' : ''}`}
+        onClick={() => setLocale('en')}
+        aria-pressed={current === 'en'}
+      >
+        {t('localeEn')}
+      </button>
+      <button
+        type="button"
+        className={`locale-switcher-btn${current === 'ru' ? ' locale-switcher-btn-active' : ''}`}
+        onClick={() => setLocale('ru')}
+        aria-pressed={current === 'ru'}
+      >
+        {t('localeRu')}
+      </button>
+    </div>
+  );
+}
@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
 import { useRef } from 'react';
+import { useTranslation } from 'react-i18next';
 import type { PaintingAnnotation } from '../types';
 import './PaintingAnnotations.css';

-const CATEGORY_LABELS: Record<string, string> = {
-  technique: 'Technique',
-  composition: 'Composition',
-  symbolism: 'Symbolism',
-  history: 'History',
-  subject: 'Subject',
+const CATEGORY_KEYS: Record<string, string> = {
+  technique: 'categoryTechnique',
+  composition: 'categoryComposition',
+  symbolism: 'categorySymbolism',
+  history: 'categoryHistorical',
+  subject: 'categorySubject',
 };

 interface PanelProps {
@@ -57,6 +58,7 @@ export default function PaintingAnnotationsPanel({
  activeId,
  onSelect,
 }: PanelProps) {
+  const { t } = useTranslation('annotations');
  const cardRefs = useRef<Map<number, HTMLLIElement>>(new Map());

  if (!annotations.length) return null;
@@ -70,11 +72,12 @@ export default function PaintingAnnotationsPanel({

  return (
    <aside className="painting-annotations-panel" aria-label="Art history annotations">
-      <h3 className="painting-annotations-title">Art history notes</h3>
+      <h3 className="painting-annotations-title">{t('title')}</h3>
      <ul className="painting-annotations-list">
        {annotations.map((ann, index) => {
          const isActive = activeId === ann.id;
-          const category = CATEGORY_LABELS[ann.category] || ann.category;
+          const categoryKey = CATEGORY_KEYS[ann.category];
+          const category = categoryKey ? t(categoryKey) : ann.category;
          return (
            <li
              key={ann.id}
@@ -110,7 +113,7 @@ export default function PaintingAnnotationsPanel({
                  rel="noopener noreferrer"
                  onClick={(e) => e.stopPropagation()}
                >
-                  Read source
+                  {t('readSource')}
                </a>
              )}
            </li>
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { useCallback, useEffect, useState, type SyntheticEvent } from 'react';
+import { useTranslation } from 'react-i18next';
 import type { InfluenceLink, Painting, PaintingDetail } from '../types';
 import { api, debugImageProxyUrl, imageUrl, paintingImageUrl, type DebugImageSearchResult, type DebugImageSearchResultItem, type FixPaintingImageResult } from '../api/client';
 import DebugSearchResultsModal from './DebugSearchResultsModal';
@@ -204,6 +205,7 @@ export default function PaintingDetailView({
  onPaintingCheckupFlagsUpdated,
  onPaintingRemoved,
 }: Props) {
+  const { t } = useTranslation('painting');
  const { painting, influencedBy, influenced, annotations = [] } = data;
  const [fullscreen, setFullscreen] = useState(false);
  const [imageVersion, setImageVersion] = useState(0);
@@ -474,15 +476,15 @@ export default function PaintingDetailView({
          </p>
        </div>
        <button className="bio-btn" onClick={onArtistBio}>
-          About {painting.artist_name}
+          {t('aboutArtist', { name: painting.artist_name })}
        </button>
      </header>

      <div className="painting-layout">
        <aside className="influence-panel influence-left">
-          <h3>Influenced By</h3>
+          <h3>{t('influencedBy')}</h3>
          {influencedBy.length === 0 ? (
-            <p className="no-influences">No documented influences for this work.</p>
+            <p className="no-influences">{t('noInfluences')}</p>
          ) : (
            <div className="influence-list">
              {influencedBy.map((inf, index) => (
@@ -575,9 +577,9 @@ export default function PaintingDetailView({
        </main>

        <aside className="influence-panel influence-right">
-          <h3>Influenced</h3>
+          <h3>{t('influenced')}</h3>
          {influenced.length === 0 ? (
-            <p className="no-influences">No documented works influenced by this painting yet.</p>
+            <p className="no-influences">{t('noInfluencedWorks')}</p>
          ) : (
            <div className="influence-list">
              {influenced.map((inf, index) => (
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+import i18n from 'i18next';
+import { initReactI18next } from 'react-i18next';
+import { readStoredLocale, writeStoredLocale } from '../utils/localeStorage';
+
+import enCommon from '../locales/en/common.json';
+import enHome from '../locales/en/home.json';
+import enSearch from '../locales/en/search.json';
+import enGallery from '../locales/en/gallery.json';
+import enPainting from '../locales/en/painting.json';
+import enBio from '../locales/en/bio.json';
+import enAnnotations from '../locales/en/annotations.json';
+import enDebug from '../locales/en/debug.json';
+import enTranslations from '../locales/en/translations.json';
+
+import ruCommon from '../locales/ru/common.json';
+import ruHome from '../locales/ru/home.json';
+import ruSearch from '../locales/ru/search.json';
+import ruGallery from '../locales/ru/gallery.json';
+import ruPainting from '../locales/ru/painting.json';
+import ruBio from '../locales/ru/bio.json';
+import ruAnnotations from '../locales/ru/annotations.json';
+import ruDebug from '../locales/ru/debug.json';
+import ruTranslations from '../locales/ru/translations.json';
+
+const initialLocale = readStoredLocale();
+writeStoredLocale(initialLocale);
+
+void i18n.use(initReactI18next).init({
+  lng: initialLocale,
+  fallbackLng: 'en',
+  supportedLngs: ['en', 'ru'],
+  ns: ['common', 'home', 'search', 'gallery', 'painting', 'bio', 'annotations', 'debug', 'translations'],
+  defaultNS: 'common',
+  resources: {
+    en: {
+      common: enCommon,
+      home: enHome,
+      search: enSearch,
+      gallery: enGallery,
+      painting: enPainting,
+      bio: enBio,
+      annotations: enAnnotations,
+      debug: enDebug,
+      translations: enTranslations,
+    },
+    ru: {
+      common: ruCommon,
+      home: ruHome,
+      search: ruSearch,
+      gallery: ruGallery,
+      painting: ruPainting,
+      bio: ruBio,
+      annotations: ruAnnotations,
+      debug: ruDebug,
+      translations: ruTranslations,
+    },
+  },
+  interpolation: { escapeValue: false },
+});
+
+export default i18n;
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+{
+  "title": "Art history notes",
+  "readSource": "Read source",
+  "categoryTechnique": "Technique",
+  "categoryComposition": "Composition",
+  "categorySubject": "Subject",
+  "categorySymbolism": "Symbolism",
+  "categoryHistorical": "Historical context",
+  "categoryOther": "Notes"
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+{
+  "enterGallery": "Enter Gallery",
+  "noBio": "No biography available yet.",
+  "wikipediaSource": "Text adapted from Wikipedia",
+  "backToTimeline": "← Back to Timeline"
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+{
+  "loading": "Loading…",
+  "close": "Close",
+  "back": "Back",
+  "save": "Save",
+  "cancel": "Cancel",
+  "yes": "Yes",
+  "no": "No",
+  "error": "Something went wrong",
+  "localeEn": "EN",
+  "localeRu": "RU",
+  "language": "Language"
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+{
+  "checked": "Checked",
+  "fixIt": "Fix it",
+  "more": "More",
+  "clear": "Clear",
+  "upload": "Upload",
+  "searching": "Searching…",
+  "saving": "Saving…",
+  "loginTitle": "Curator login",
+  "username": "Username",
+  "password": "Password",
+  "signIn": "Sign in",
+  "loginFailed": "Login failed"
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+{
+  "backToTimeline": "← Back to Timeline",
+  "exitToTimeline": "Exit to Timeline",
+  "loadingGallery": "Loading gallery…",
+  "instructionsTitle": "Gallery controls",
+  "instructionMove": "Drag to look around",
+  "instructionZoom": "Scroll to zoom",
+  "instructionClick": "Click a painting to view details",
+  "wingOf": "Wing {{current}} of {{total}}",
+  "exitConfirmTitle": "Leave gallery?",
+  "exitConfirmBody": "Return to the timeline or stay in the hall.",
+  "stay": "Stay",
+  "exit": "Exit"
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+{
+  "title": "Virtual Art Gallery",
+  "subtitle": "Explore art history on an interactive timeline — enter 3D galleries and discover connections between artists and masterpieces.",
+  "loadingArtHistory": "Loading art history…",
+  "loadingPortraits": "Loading portraits…",
+  "openingArtistGallery": "Opening artist gallery…",
+  "openingMovementGallery": "Opening movement gallery…",
+  "backToTimeline": "← Back to Timeline",
+  "backToGallery": "← Back to Gallery",
+  "curatorLogin": "Curator login",
+  "curatorLogout": "Log out",
+  "signedInAs": "Signed in as {{username}}",
+  "debugMode": "Debug mode",
+  "showMoreDebug": "Show more (debug)",
+  "checkup": "Checkup",
+  "translations": "Translations",
+  "curatorRequiredTitle": "Curator access required",
+  "curatorRequiredBody": "Sign in as a curator to use this tool.",
+  "backToGalleryBtn": "Back to gallery"
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+{
+  "aboutArtist": "About {{name}}",
+  "influencedBy": "Influenced By",
+  "influenced": "Influenced",
+  "noInfluences": "No documented influences for this work.",
+  "noInfluencedWorks": "No documented works influenced by this painting yet.",
+  "catalogPosition": "Catalog position",
+  "lightboxHint": "Click anywhere to close",
+  "prevPainting": "Previous painting",
+  "nextPainting": "Next painting"
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+{
+  "label": "Search",
+  "placeholder": "Search artists, paintings, movements…",
+  "resultsLabel": "Search results",
+  "noMatches": "No matches found.",
+  "groupArtist": "Artists",
+  "groupMovement": "Movements",
+  "groupPainting": "Paintings",
+  "searchFailed": "Search failed"
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+{
+  "title": "Translation review",
+  "back": "← Back to gallery",
+  "locale": "Locale",
+  "entityType": "Entity type",
+  "status": "Status",
+  "all": "All",
+  "draft": "Draft",
+  "reviewed": "Reviewed",
+  "published": "Published",
+  "coverage": "Coverage",
+  "artistsBio": "Artists with bio (ru)",
+  "paintingsTitle": "Paintings with title alias (ru)",
+  "canonical": "English (canonical)",
+  "translation": "Translation",
+  "saveDraft": "Save draft",
+  "publish": "Publish",
+  "noRows": "No translation rows match the filter.",
+  "loadFailed": "Failed to load translations"
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+{
+  "title": "Историко-художественные заметки",
+  "readSource": "Источник",
+  "categoryTechnique": "Техника",
+  "categoryComposition": "Композиция",
+  "categorySubject": "Сюжет",
+  "categorySymbolism": "Символика",
+  "categoryHistorical": "Исторический контекст",
+  "categoryOther": "Заметки"
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+{
+  "enterGallery": "Войти в галерею",
+  "noBio": "Биография пока недоступна.",
+  "wikipediaSource": "Текст адаптирован из Википедии",
+  "backToTimeline": "← На шкалу времени"
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+{
+  "loading": "Загрузка…",
+  "close": "Закрыть",
+  "back": "Назад",
+  "save": "Сохранить",
+  "cancel": "Отмена",
+  "yes": "Да",
+  "no": "Нет",
+  "error": "Что-то пошло не так",
+  "localeEn": "EN",
+  "localeRu": "RU",
+  "language": "Язык"
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+{
+  "checked": "Проверено",
+  "fixIt": "Исправить",
+  "more": "Ещё",
+  "clear": "Очистить",
+  "upload": "Загрузить",
+  "searching": "Поиск…",
+  "saving": "Сохранение…",
+  "loginTitle": "Вход куратора",
+  "username": "Имя пользователя",
+  "password": "Пароль",
+  "signIn": "Войти",
+  "loginFailed": "Ошибка входа"
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+{
+  "backToTimeline": "← На шкалу времени",
+  "exitToTimeline": "Выход на шкалу времени",
+  "loadingGallery": "Загрузка галереи…",
+  "instructionsTitle": "Управление",
+  "instructionMove": "Перетаскивайте для обзора",
+  "instructionZoom": "Колёсико — масштаб",
+  "instructionClick": "Нажмите на картину для подробностей",
+  "wingOf": "Крыло {{current}} из {{total}}",
+  "exitConfirmTitle": "Покинуть галерею?",
+  "exitConfirmBody": "Вернуться на шкалу времени или остаться в зале.",
+  "stay": "Остаться",
+  "exit": "Выход"
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+{
+  "title": "Виртуальная художественная галерея",
+  "subtitle": "Исследуйте историю искусства на интерактивной шкале времени — входите в 3D-залы и открывайте связи между художниками и шедеврами.",
+  "loadingArtHistory": "Загрузка истории искусства…",
+  "loadingPortraits": "Загрузка портретов…",
+  "openingArtistGallery": "Открытие галереи художника…",
+  "openingMovementGallery": "Открытие галереи направления…",
+  "backToTimeline": "← На шкалу времени",
+  "backToGallery": "← В галерею",
+  "curatorLogin": "Вход куратора",
+  "curatorLogout": "Выйти",
+  "signedInAs": "Вы вошли как {{username}}",
+  "debugMode": "Режим отладки",
+  "showMoreDebug": "Показать больше (отладка)",
+  "checkup": "Проверка",
+  "translations": "Переводы",
+  "curatorRequiredTitle": "Требуется доступ куратора",
+  "curatorRequiredBody": "Войдите как куратор, чтобы использовать этот инструмент.",
+  "backToGalleryBtn": "Вернуться в галерею"
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+{
+  "aboutArtist": "О {{name}}",
+  "influencedBy": "Под влиянием",
+  "influenced": "Влияние на",
+  "noInfluences": "Для этой работы нет задокументированных влияний.",
+  "noInfluencedWorks": "Пока нет задокументированных работ под влиянием этой картины.",
+  "catalogPosition": "Позиция в каталоге",
+  "lightboxHint": "Нажмите в любом месте, чтобы закрыть",
+  "prevPainting": "Предыдущая картина",
+  "nextPainting": "Следующая картина"
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+{
+  "label": "Поиск",
+  "placeholder": "Художники, картины, направления…",
+  "resultsLabel": "Результаты поиска",
+  "noMatches": "Ничего не найдено.",
+  "groupArtist": "Художники",
+  "groupMovement": "Направления",
+  "groupPainting": "Картины",
+  "searchFailed": "Ошибка поиска"
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+{
+  "title": "Проверка переводов",
+  "back": "← В галерею",
+  "locale": "Язык",
+  "entityType": "Тип объекта",
+  "status": "Статус",
+  "all": "Все",
+  "draft": "Черновик",
+  "reviewed": "Проверено",
+  "published": "Опубликовано",
+  "coverage": "Охват",
+  "artistsBio": "Художники с биографией (ru)",
+  "paintingsTitle": "Картины с русским названием",
+  "canonical": "Английский (оригинал)",
+  "translation": "Перевод",
+  "saveDraft": "Сохранить черновик",
+  "publish": "Опубликовать",
+  "noRows": "Нет строк по выбранному фильтру.",
+  "loadFailed": "Не удалось загрузить переводы"
+}
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { StrictMode } from 'react'
 import { createRoot } from 'react-dom/client'
 import './index.css'
+import './i18n'
 import App from './App.tsx'
 import { AuthProvider } from './context/AuthContext.tsx'

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { useState, useEffect, useCallback, useMemo, useRef } from 'react';
+import { useTranslation } from 'react-i18next';
 import Timeline from '../components/Timeline';
 import TimelineEventGuides from '../components/TimelineEventGuides';
 import MovementBands from '../components/MovementBands';
@@ -6,13 +7,17 @@ import VirtualGallery from '../components/VirtualGallery';
 import PaintingDetailView from '../components/PaintingDetail';
 import ArtistBio from '../components/ArtistBio';
 import CheckupPage from '../pages/CheckupPage';
+import TranslationsPage from '../pages/TranslationsPage';
 import CuratorLoginModal from '../components/CuratorLoginModal';
 import CatalogSearchBar from '../components/CatalogSearchBar';
+import LocaleSwitcher from '../components/LocaleSwitcher';
 import GalleryLoadingMarker from '../components/GalleryLoadingMarker';
 import '../components/CatalogSearchBar.css';
 import '../components/CuratorLoginModal.css';
+import '../components/LocaleSwitcher.css';
+import '../pages/TranslationsPage.css';
 import { useAuth } from '../context/AuthContext';
-import { api, type FixPaintingImageResult, type FixArtistPortraitResult } from '../api/client';
+import { api, setApiLocale, type FixPaintingImageResult, type FixArtistPortraitResult } from '../api/client';
 import type { TimelineData, Artist, ArtistDetail, Painting, PaintingDetail, MovementGalleryDetail } from '../types';
 import { createViewChangeScheduler } from '../utils/timelineView';
 import { sortArtistPaintingsChronological } from '../utils/paintingUtils';
@@ -22,6 +27,7 @@ import './HomePage.css';
 type View =
  | { type: 'timeline' }
  | { type: 'checkup' }
+  | { type: 'translations' }
  | { type: 'gallery'; artistId: number; data: ArtistDetail }
  | { type: 'movement-gallery'; movementId: number; data: MovementGalleryDetail }
  | { type: 'painting'; paintingId: number; data: PaintingDetail; returnTo: View }
@@ -102,6 +108,7 @@ function catalogNavigateTarget(
 }

 export default function HomePage() {
+  const { t } = useTranslation('home');
  const { isCurator, username, login, logout } = useAuth();
  const [view, setView] = useState<View>({ type: 'timeline' });
  const [gallerySession, setGallerySession] = useState<GallerySession | null>(null);
@@ -117,10 +124,11 @@ export default function HomePage() {
  const [detailArtistPaintings, setDetailArtistPaintings] = useState<Painting[]>([]);
  const [imageRevisions, setImageRevisions] = useState<Record<number, number>>({});
  const [portraitRevisions, setPortraitRevisions] = useState<Record<number, number>>({});
+  const [localeVersion, setLocaleVersion] = useState(0);
  const [debugMode, setDebugMode] = useState(readDebugMode);
  const [debugShowMore, setDebugShowMore] = useState(readDebugShowMore);
  const [loginOpen, setLoginOpen] = useState(false);
-  const [loginRedirect, setLoginRedirect] = useState<'checkup' | null>(null);
+  const [loginRedirect, setLoginRedirect] = useState<'checkup' | 'translations' | null>(null);
  const effectiveDebugMode = debugMode && isCurator;
  const [galleryRevision, setGalleryRevision] = useState(0);
  const viewRef = useRef(view);
@@ -170,6 +178,11 @@ export default function HomePage() {
    return () => {
      cancelled = true;
    };
+  }, [localeVersion]);
+
+  const handleLocaleChange = useCallback((locale: 'en' | 'ru') => {
+    setApiLocale(locale);
+    setLocaleVersion((v) => v + 1);
  }, []);

  const viewChangeScheduler = useRef(
@@ -209,7 +222,7 @@ export default function HomePage() {
    writeDebugShowMore(enabled);
  };

-  const openCuratorLogin = (redirect: 'checkup' | null = null) => {
+  const openCuratorLogin = (redirect: 'checkup' | 'translations' | null = null) => {
    setLoginRedirect(redirect);
    setLoginOpen(true);
  };
@@ -219,6 +232,8 @@ export default function HomePage() {
    setLoginOpen(false);
    if (loginRedirect === 'checkup') {
      setView({ type: 'checkup' });
+    } else if (loginRedirect === 'translations') {
+      setView({ type: 'translations' });
    }
    setLoginRedirect(null);
  };
@@ -227,7 +242,7 @@ export default function HomePage() {
    await logout();
    writeDebugMode(false);
    setDebugMode(false);
-    if (view.type === 'checkup') {
+    if (view.type === 'checkup' || view.type === 'translations') {
      goToTimelineHome();
    }
  };
@@ -240,6 +255,14 @@ export default function HomePage() {
    setView({ type: 'checkup' });
  };

+  const openTranslations = () => {
+    if (!isCurator) {
+      openCuratorLogin('translations');
+      return;
+    }
+    setView({ type: 'translations' });
+  };
+
  const handlePaintingImageFixed = useCallback(async (paintingId: number, fixResult: FixPaintingImageResult) => {
    const data = await api.getPainting(paintingId);
    const patch: Partial<Painting> = {
@@ -663,7 +686,7 @@ export default function HomePage() {
            key={view.paintingId}
            data={view.data}
            artistPaintings={sortedDetailArtistPaintings}
-            backLabel={view.returnTo.type === 'timeline' ? '← Back to Timeline' : '← Back to Gallery'}
+            backLabel={view.returnTo.type === 'timeline' ? t('backToTimeline') : t('backToGallery')}
            onBack={() => {
              if (view.returnTo.type === 'timeline') {
                goToTimelineHome();
@@ -723,6 +746,25 @@ export default function HomePage() {
        </div>
      )}

+      {view.type === 'translations' && (
+        isCurator ? (
+          <TranslationsPage onBack={goToTimelineHome} />
+        ) : (
+          <div className="curator-login-gate">
+            <h2>{t('curatorRequiredTitle')}</h2>
+            <p>{t('curatorRequiredBody')}</p>
+            <div className="curator-login-gate-actions">
+              <button type="button" className="checkup-link-btn" onClick={() => openCuratorLogin('translations')}>
+                {t('curatorLogin')}
+              </button>
+              <button type="button" className="debug-mode-toggle" onClick={goToTimelineHome}>
+                {t('backToGalleryBtn')}
+              </button>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        )
+      )}
+
      {view.type === 'checkup' && (
        isCurator ? (
          <CheckupPage
@@ -782,13 +824,21 @@ export default function HomePage() {
                    />
                    Show more
                  </label>
+                  <button
+                    type="button"
+                    className="checkup-link-btn"
+                    onClick={openTranslations}
+                    title="Review and publish Russian translations"
+                  >
+                    {t('translations')}
+                  </button>
                  <button
                    type="button"
                    className="checkup-link-btn"
                    onClick={openCheckup}
                    title="Open painting image checkup table"
                  >
-                    Checkup
+                    {t('checkup')}
                  </button>
                  <button
                    type="button"
@@ -796,7 +846,7 @@ export default function HomePage() {
                    onClick={handleCuratorLogout}
                    title="Sign out curator session"
                  >
-                    Logout
+                    {t('curatorLogout')}
                  </button>
                </>
              ) : (
@@ -806,12 +856,13 @@ export default function HomePage() {
                  onClick={() => openCuratorLogin()}
                  title="Sign in as curator to use debug tools"
                >
-                  Curator login
+                  {t('curatorLogin')}
                </button>
              )}
+              <LocaleSwitcher onLocaleChange={handleLocaleChange} />
            </div>
-            <h1>Virtual Art Gallery</h1>
-            <p className="site-subtitle">Watch art movements branch forward through time — each flowing from what came before</p>
+            <h1>{t('title')}</h1>
+            <p className="site-subtitle">{t('subtitle')}</p>
            <CatalogSearchBar
              onSelectArtist={handleArtistClick}
              onSelectMovement={handleMovementClick}
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+.translations-page {
+  padding: 1rem 1.5rem 2rem;
+  max-width: 1400px;
+  margin: 0 auto;
+  color: #f5f0e8;
+}
+
+.translations-header {
+  display: flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  gap: 1rem;
+  margin-bottom: 1rem;
+}
+
+.translations-back {
+  background: transparent;
+  border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3);
+  color: inherit;
+  padding: 0.35rem 0.75rem;
+  border-radius: 6px;
+  cursor: pointer;
+}
+
+.translations-coverage {
+  margin-bottom: 1rem;
+  opacity: 0.9;
+}
+
+.translations-toolbar {
+  margin-bottom: 1rem;
+}
+
+.translations-toolbar select {
+  margin-left: 0.5rem;
+}
+
+.translations-layout {
+  display: grid;
+  grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;
+  gap: 1rem;
+}
+
+.translations-list {
+  max-height: 70vh;
+  overflow: auto;
+  border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15);
+  border-radius: 8px;
+}
+
+.translations-list table {
+  width: 100%;
+  border-collapse: collapse;
+  font-size: 0.9rem;
+}
+
+.translations-list th,
+.translations-list td {
+  padding: 0.45rem 0.6rem;
+  border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);
+  text-align: left;
+}
+
+.translations-row-selected {
+  background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);
+  cursor: pointer;
+}
+
+.translations-list tbody tr {
+  cursor: pointer;
+}
+
+.translations-editor {
+  border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.15);
+  border-radius: 8px;
+  padding: 1rem;
+  max-height: 70vh;
+  overflow: auto;
+}
+
+.translations-field {
+  margin-bottom: 1rem;
+}
+
+.translations-field textarea {
+  width: 100%;
+  margin-top: 0.35rem;
+}
+
+.translations-canonical {
+  font-size: 0.85rem;
+  opacity: 0.85;
+  margin: 0.25rem 0;
+}
+
+.translations-error {
+  color: #ffb4b4;
+}
+
+@media (max-width: 900px) {
+  .translations-layout {
+    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
+  }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+import { useCallback, useEffect, useState } from 'react';
+import { useTranslation } from 'react-i18next';
+import { api, type TranslationDetail, type TranslationWorklistItem } from '../api/client';
+import './TranslationsPage.css';
+
+type EntityType = 'artist' | 'painting' | 'movement';
+
+interface Props {
+  onBack: () => void;
+}
+
+export default function TranslationsPage({ onBack }: Props) {
+  const { t } = useTranslation('translations');
+  const [entityType, setEntityType] = useState<EntityType>('artist');
+  const [items, setItems] = useState<TranslationWorklistItem[]>([]);
+  const [coverage, setCoverage] = useState<Record<string, number> | null>(null);
+  const [selectedId, setSelectedId] = useState<number | null>(null);
+  const [detail, setDetail] = useState<TranslationDetail | null>(null);
+  const [draftFields, setDraftFields] = useState<Record<string, string>>({});
+  const [loading, setLoading] = useState(true);
+  const [saving, setSaving] = useState(false);
+  const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null);
+
+  const loadList = useCallback(async () => {
+    setLoading(true);
+    setError(null);
+    try {
+      const [cov, list] = await Promise.all([
+        api.getTranslationCoverage('ru'),
+        api.getTranslationWorklist(entityType, 'ru'),
+      ]);
+      setCoverage(cov.coverage);
+      setItems(list.items);
+    } catch (err) {
+      setError(err instanceof Error ? err.message : t('loadFailed'));
+    } finally {
+      setLoading(false);
+    }
+  }, [entityType, t]);
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    void loadList();
+    setSelectedId(null);
+    setDetail(null);
+  }, [loadList]);
+
+  const openItem = async (entityId: number) => {
+    setSelectedId(entityId);
+    setError(null);
+    try {
+      const data = await api.getEntityTranslation(entityType, entityId);
+      setDetail(data);
+      const ruFields: Record<string, string> = {};
+      for (const field of data.translatableFields) {
+        const row = data.translations.find((tr) => tr.locale === 'ru' && tr.field_name === field);
+        ruFields[field] = row?.value ?? '';
+      }
+      setDraftFields(ruFields);
+    } catch (err) {
+      setError(err instanceof Error ? err.message : t('loadFailed'));
+    }
+  };
+
+  const saveDraft = async () => {
+    if (!selectedId) return;
+    setSaving(true);
+    setError(null);
+    try {
+      await api.saveEntityTranslation(entityType, selectedId, {
+        locale: 'ru',
+        fields: draftFields,
+        status: 'draft',
+      });
+      await api.publishEntityTranslation(entityType, selectedId, 'ru');
+      await loadList();
+      await openItem(selectedId);
+    } catch (err) {
+      setError(err instanceof Error ? err.message : t('loadFailed'));
+    } finally {
+      setSaving(false);
+    }
+  };
+
+  return (
+    <div className="translations-page">
+      <header className="translations-header">
+        <button type="button" className="translations-back" onClick={onBack}>
+          {t('back')}
+        </button>
+        <h1>{t('title')}</h1>
+      </header>
+
+      {coverage && (
+        <div className="translations-coverage">
+          <strong>{t('coverage')}:</strong>{' '}
+          {t('artistsBio')}: {coverage.artists_bio_full}/{coverage.artists_total} ·{' '}
+          {t('paintingsTitle')}: {coverage.paintings_title}/{coverage.paintings_total} ·{' '}
+          {t('published')}: {coverage.published_count} · {t('draft')}: {coverage.draft_count}
+        </div>
+      )}
+
+      <div className="translations-toolbar">
+        <label>
+          {t('entityType')}
+          <select value={entityType} onChange={(e) => setEntityType(e.target.value as EntityType)}>
+            <option value="artist">artist</option>
+            <option value="painting">painting</option>
+            <option value="movement">movement</option>
+          </select>
+        </label>
+      </div>
+
+      {error && <p className="translations-error">{error}</p>}
+      {loading && <p>{t('loadFailed')}…</p>}
+
+      <div className="translations-layout">
+        <div className="translations-list">
+          <table>
+            <thead>
+              <tr>
+                <th>ID</th>
+                <th>{t('canonical')}</th>
+                <th>{t('status')}</th>
+              </tr>
+            </thead>
+            <tbody>
+              {items.map((item) => (
+                <tr
+                  key={item.entityId}
+                  className={selectedId === item.entityId ? 'translations-row-selected' : ''}
+                  onClick={() => void openItem(item.entityId)}
+                >
+                  <td>{item.entityId}</td>
+                  <td>{item.label}</td>
+                  <td>
+                    {item.publishedCount} / {item.draftCount} draft · {item.missingFields.length} missing
+                  </td>
+                </tr>
+              ))}
+            </tbody>
+          </table>
+          {!loading && items.length === 0 && <p>{t('noRows')}</p>}
+        </div>
+
+        {detail && selectedId && (
+          <div className="translations-editor">
+            <h2>{String(detail.canonical.name || detail.canonical.title || selectedId)}</h2>
+            {detail.translatableFields.map((field) => (
+              <div key={field} className="translations-field">
+                <label>{field}</label>
+                <p className="translations-canonical">
+                  <strong>{t('canonical')}:</strong>{' '}
+                  {String(detail.canonical[field] ?? '')}
+                </p>
+                <textarea
+                  rows={field.includes('bio') || field === 'body' ? 8 : 3}
+                  value={draftFields[field] ?? ''}
+                  onChange={(e) => setDraftFields((prev) => ({ ...prev, [field]: e.target.value }))}
+                  placeholder={t('translation')}
+                />
+              </div>
+            ))}
+            <button type="button" disabled={saving} onClick={() => void saveDraft()}>
+              {saving ? '…' : t('publish')}
+            </button>
+          </div>
+        )}
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  );
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+export const LOCALE_STORAGE_KEY = 'gallery_locale';
+export const SUPPORTED_LOCALES = ['en', 'ru'] as const;
+export type AppLocale = (typeof SUPPORTED_LOCALES)[number];
+
+export function readStoredLocale(): AppLocale {
+  try {
+    const stored = localStorage.getItem(LOCALE_STORAGE_KEY);
+    if (stored === 'ru' || stored === 'en') return stored;
+  } catch {
+    /* ignore */
+  }
+  const nav = typeof navigator !== 'undefined' ? navigator.language : 'en';
+  return nav.toLowerCase().startsWith('ru') ? 'ru' : 'en';
+}
+
+export function writeStoredLocale(locale: AppLocale) {
+  localStorage.setItem(LOCALE_STORAGE_KEY, locale);
+  document.documentElement.lang = locale;
+}
+
+export function localeQuery(locale: AppLocale): string {
+  return locale === 'en' ? '' : `locale=${encodeURIComponent(locale)}`;
+}
+
+export function withLocale(url: string, locale: AppLocale): string {
+  if (locale === 'en') return url;
+  const sep = url.includes('?') ? '&' : '?';
+  return `${url}${sep}locale=${encodeURIComponent(locale)}`;
+}
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
    "allowImportingTsExtensions": true,
    "verbatimModuleSyntax": true,
    "moduleDetection": "force",
+    "resolveJsonModule": true,
    "noEmit": true,
    "jsx": "react-jsx",

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+-- Internationalization: locale-specific catalog text (canonical English stays in main tables).
+
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS entity_translations (
+  id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
+  entity_type VARCHAR(32) NOT NULL,
+  entity_id INTEGER NOT NULL,
+  locale VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL,
+  field_name VARCHAR(64) NOT NULL,
+  value TEXT NOT NULL,
+  status VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL DEFAULT 'draft',
+  source VARCHAR(120),
+  updated_at TIMESTAMPTZ NOT NULL DEFAULT now(),
+  UNIQUE (entity_type, entity_id, locale, field_name)
+);
+
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS entity_translations_lookup_idx
+  ON entity_translations (entity_type, entity_id, locale);
+
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS entity_translations_locale_field_idx
+  ON entity_translations (locale, field_name);
+
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS entity_translations_value_lower_idx
+  ON entity_translations (locale, lower(value));
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION entity_translations_touch_updated_at()
+RETURNS TRIGGER AS $$
+BEGIN
+  NEW.updated_at = now();
+  RETURN NEW;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
+
+DROP TRIGGER IF EXISTS entity_translations_updated_at ON entity_translations;
+CREATE TRIGGER entity_translations_updated_at
+  BEFORE UPDATE ON entity_translations
+  FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE entity_translations_touch_updated_at();
@@ -30,6 +30,9 @@
    "dev:migrate:artist-palette": "node scripts/migrate-artist-palette.js",
    "dev:migrate:search": "node scripts/migrate-search.js",
    "dev:migrate:sync-timestamps": "node scripts/migrate-sync-timestamps.js",
+    "dev:migrate:i18n": "node scripts/migrate-i18n.js",
+    "dev:fetch-artist-bios-ru": "node scripts/fetch-artist-bios-ru.js",
+    "dev:import-translations": "node scripts/import-translations.js",
    "dev:backfill-updated-at": "node scripts/backfill-updated-at.js",
    "dev:import-painter-palette": "node scripts/import-painter-palette.js",
    "dev:analyze-painter-palette": "node scripts/analyze-painter-palette.js",
@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+require('dotenv').config();
+const https = require('https');
+const pool = require('../server/db');
+const { upsertTranslation } = require('../server/translation-service');
+
+const USER_AGENT = 'VirtualArtGallery/1.0 (educational art history project; local museum gallery)';
+const MIN_DELAY_MS = 3500;
+const MAX_RETRIES = 8;
+const LOCALE = 'ru';
+const WIKI_API = 'https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/api.php';
+
+const ARTIST_WIKI_OVERRIDES = {
+  Zeuxis: 'Zeuxis (painter)',
+  'Ivan Klyun': 'Ivan Kliun',
+  'Jean-Antoine Watteau': 'Antoine Watteau',
+};
+
+let lastRequestTime = 0;
+
+function sleep(ms) {
+  return new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, ms));
+}
+
+async function throttle() {
+  const elapsed = Date.now() - lastRequestTime;
+  if (elapsed < MIN_DELAY_MS) await sleep(MIN_DELAY_MS - elapsed);
+  lastRequestTime = Date.now();
+}
+
+function fetchJson(url) {
+  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+    https
+      .get(url, { headers: { 'User-Agent': USER_AGENT } }, (res) => {
+        if (res.statusCode >= 300 && res.statusCode < 400 && res.headers.location) {
+          return fetchJson(res.headers.location).then(resolve).catch(reject);
+        }
+        let data = '';
+        res.on('data', (c) => (data += c));
+        res.on('end', () => {
+          if (res.statusCode !== 200) return reject(new Error(`HTTP ${res.statusCode}`));
+          try {
+            resolve(JSON.parse(data));
+          } catch (e) {
+            reject(e);
+          }
+        });
+      })
+      .on('error', reject);
+  });
+}
+
+async function withRetry(fn) {
+  for (let i = 0; i < MAX_RETRIES; i++) {
+    try {
+      return await fn();
+    } catch (err) {
+      if (i === MAX_RETRIES - 1) throw err;
+      await sleep(4000 * (i + 1));
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function firstSentences(text, count = 2) {
+  const parts = text.match(/[^.!?]+[.!?]+(?:\s|$)/g);
+  if (!parts?.length) return text.trim();
+  return parts.slice(0, count).join('').trim();
+}
+
+async function resolveRuPageTitle(enTitle) {
+  await throttle();
+  const params = new URLSearchParams({
+    action: 'query',
+    format: 'json',
+    titles: enTitle,
+    prop: 'langlinks',
+    lllang: 'ru',
+    lllimit: '1',
+  });
+  const data = await withRetry(() => fetchJson(`https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?${params}`));
+  const pages = data.query?.pages || {};
+  const page = Object.values(pages)[0];
+  const link = page?.langlinks?.[0];
+  if (link?.['*']) return link['*'];
+  return enTitle;
+}
+
+async function fetchRuExtract(title) {
+  await throttle();
+  const params = new URLSearchParams({
+    action: 'query',
+    format: 'json',
+    prop: 'extracts|pageprops',
+    explaintext: '1',
+    exintro: '0',
+    ppprop: 'disambiguation',
+    titles: title,
+  });
+  const data = await withRetry(() => fetchJson(`${WIKI_API}?${params}`));
+  const pages = data.query?.pages || {};
+  const page = Object.values(pages)[0];
+  if (!page || page.missing !== undefined) return null;
+  const extract = page.extract?.trim();
+  if (!extract) return null;
+  return { title: page.title, extract };
+}
+
+async function resolveArtistBioRu(artist) {
+  const enTitle = ARTIST_WIKI_OVERRIDES[artist.wikipedia_title]
+    || ARTIST_WIKI_OVERRIDES[artist.name]
+    || artist.wikipedia_title
+    || artist.name;
+  const ruTitle = await resolveRuPageTitle(enTitle);
+  const page = await fetchRuExtract(ruTitle);
+  if (!page) return null;
+  return {
+    name: page.title,
+    bio_short: firstSentences(page.extract, 2),
+    bio_full: page.extract,
+  };
+}
+
+async function main() {
+  const force = process.argv.includes('--force');
+  const limitArg = process.argv.find((a) => a.startsWith('--limit='));
+  const limit = limitArg ? parseInt(limitArg.split('=')[1], 10) : null;
+
+  const { rows: artists } = await pool.query(`
+    SELECT id, name, wikipedia_title FROM artists ORDER BY name
+  `);
+
+  let targets = artists;
+  if (limit) targets = targets.slice(0, limit);
+
+  let updated = 0;
+  let skipped = 0;
+  let failed = 0;
+
+  for (const artist of targets) {
+    if (!force) {
+      const { rows: existing } = await pool.query(
+        `SELECT 1 FROM entity_translations
+         WHERE entity_type = 'artist' AND entity_id = $1 AND locale = $2 AND field_name = 'bio_full'`,
+        [artist.id, LOCALE],
+      );
+      if (existing.length) {
+        skipped += 1;
+        continue;
+      }
+    }
+
+    try {
+      const bio = await resolveArtistBioRu(artist);
+      if (!bio) {
+        console.warn(`✗ ${artist.name} — no ru.wikipedia article`);
+        failed += 1;
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      await upsertTranslation({
+        entityType: 'artist',
+        entityId: artist.id,
+        locale: LOCALE,
+        fieldName: 'name',
+        value: bio.name,
+        status: 'draft',
+        source: 'wikipedia_ru',
+      });
+      await upsertTranslation({
+        entityType: 'artist',
+        entityId: artist.id,
+        locale: LOCALE,
+        fieldName: 'bio_short',
+        value: bio.bio_short,
+        status: 'draft',
+        source: 'wikipedia_ru',
+      });
+      await upsertTranslation({
+        entityType: 'artist',
+        entityId: artist.id,
+        locale: LOCALE,
+        fieldName: 'bio_full',
+        value: bio.bio_full,
+        status: 'draft',
+        source: 'wikipedia_ru',
+      });
+
+      console.log(`✓ ${artist.name} → ${bio.name}`);
+      updated += 1;
+    } catch (err) {
+      console.error(`✗ ${artist.name} — ${err.message}`);
+      failed += 1;
+    }
+  }
+
+  console.log(`\nDone: ${updated} updated, ${skipped} skipped, ${failed} failed`);
+  await pool.end();
+}
+
+main().catch((err) => {
+  console.error(err);
+  process.exit(1);
+});
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ const CATALOG_TABLES = [
  'painting_influences',
  'painting_influence_sources',
  'painting_annotations',
+  'entity_translations',
 ];

 const NATURAL_KEY_FN = {
@@ -40,6 +41,7 @@ const NATURAL_KEY_FN = {
  painting_influences: (r) => `${r.painting_id}:${r.influenced_by_painting_id}`,
  painting_influence_sources: (r) => `${r.painting_id}:${r.source_type}:${r.source_painting_id || 0}:${r.source_artist_id || 0}:${r.source_movement_id || 0}`,
  painting_annotations: (r) => `${r.painting_id}:${String(r.label || '').trim().toLowerCase()}:${r.sort_order}`,
+  entity_translations: (r) => `${r.entity_type}:${r.entity_id}:${r.locale}:${r.field_name}`,
 };

 function parseArgs(argv) {
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+/**
+ * Import translation rows from JSON or CSV.
+ *
+ * JSON format: [{ "entity_type": "artist", "entity_id": 1, "field_name": "name", "value": "...", "status": "draft" }]
+ * CSV format: entity_type,entity_id,field_name,value[,status][,source]
+ */
+require('dotenv').config();
+const fs = require('fs');
+const path = require('path');
+const { upsertTranslation } = require('../server/translation-service');
+const pool = require('../server/db');
+
+function parseArgs(argv) {
+  const fileIdx = argv.indexOf('--file');
+  const localeIdx = argv.indexOf('--locale');
+  if (fileIdx === -1 || !argv[fileIdx + 1]) {
+    throw new Error('--file <path> is required');
+  }
+  return {
+    filePath: path.resolve(argv[fileIdx + 1]),
+    locale: localeIdx !== -1 && argv[localeIdx + 1] ? argv[localeIdx + 1] : 'ru',
+    publish: argv.includes('--publish'),
+  };
+}
+
+function parseCsv(content) {
+  const lines = content.split(/\r?\n/).filter((l) => l.trim() && !l.trim().startsWith('#'));
+  const rows = [];
+  for (const line of lines) {
+    const parts = line.split(',').map((p) => p.trim().replace(/^"|"$/g, ''));
+    if (parts[0] === 'entity_type') continue;
+    if (parts.length < 4) continue;
+    rows.push({
+      entity_type: parts[0],
+      entity_id: parseInt(parts[1], 10),
+      field_name: parts[2],
+      value: parts[3],
+      status: parts[4] || 'draft',
+      source: parts[5] || 'import_csv',
+    });
+  }
+  return rows;
+}
+
+async function main() {
+  const { filePath, locale, publish } = parseArgs(process.argv.slice(2));
+  const raw = fs.readFileSync(filePath, 'utf8');
+  let rows;
+  if (filePath.endsWith('.json')) {
+    rows = JSON.parse(raw);
+  } else {
+    rows = parseCsv(raw);
+  }
+
+  let count = 0;
+  for (const row of rows) {
+    if (!row.entity_type || !row.entity_id || !row.field_name || row.value == null) continue;
+    const status = publish ? 'published' : (row.status || 'draft');
+    await upsertTranslation({
+      entityType: row.entity_type,
+      entityId: row.entity_id,
+      locale: row.locale || locale,
+      fieldName: row.field_name,
+      value: String(row.value),
+      status,
+      source: row.source || 'import',
+    });
+    count += 1;
+  }
+
+  console.log(`Imported ${count} translation rows from ${filePath}`);
+  await pool.end();
+}
+
+main().catch((err) => {
+  console.error(err.message);
+  process.exit(1);
+});
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+require('dotenv').config();
+const fs = require('fs');
+const path = require('path');
+const pool = require('../server/db');
+
+async function main() {
+  const sqlPath = path.join(__dirname, '../db/migrate-i18n.sql');
+  const sql = fs.readFileSync(sqlPath, 'utf8');
+  await pool.query(sql);
+  console.log('entity_translations table ready');
+  await pool.end();
+}
+
+main().catch((err) => {
+  console.error(err);
+  process.exit(1);
+});
@@ -14,6 +14,18 @@ const authRoutes = require('./routes/auth');
 const { ensurePaintingImages, preloadArtistImagesLocal, replacePaintingImageFromUrl, replaceArtistPortraitFromUrl, clearPaintingImage, deletePainting, clearArtistPortrait, replacePaintingImageFromBuffer, replaceArtistPortraitFromBuffer, enrichPaintingRow, enrichArtistRow, IMAGE_DIR } = require('./image-service');
 const { getVersionInfo } = require('./version-info');
 const { searchCatalog } = require('./search-service');
+const {
+  resolveLocale,
+  translationStatuses,
+  localizeEras,
+  localizeMovements,
+  localizeArtists,
+  localizePeriods,
+  localizePaintings,
+  localizeAnnotations,
+  localizeInfluenceSources,
+} = require('./translation-service');
+const translationRoutes = require('./routes/translations');
 const { searchGoogleImagesFirst, searchArtistPortraitFirst, searchPaintingImagesMany, searchArtistPortraitMany, fetchImageBuffer, friendlyImageFetchError, pickExt } = require('../scripts/image-fetcher');

 const app = express();
@@ -30,6 +42,7 @@ app.use(compression());
 app.use(express.json({ limit: '20mb' }));
 app.use(createSessionMiddleware());
 app.use('/api/auth', authRoutes);
+app.use('/api/translations', translationRoutes);
 app.use(
  '/images',
  express.static(IMAGE_DIR, {
@@ -119,6 +132,13 @@ function sendCatalogCacheHeaders(res, etagSource) {
  return etag;
 }

+function localeContext(req) {
+  return {
+    locale: resolveLocale(req),
+    statuses: translationStatuses(req),
+  };
+}
+
 const INFLUENCE_LINKS_EXISTS = `
  EXISTS (
    SELECT 1 FROM painting_influence_sources pis
@@ -127,6 +147,7 @@ const INFLUENCE_LINKS_EXISTS = `

 const INFLUENCED_BY_SQL = `
  SELECT
+    pis.id AS influence_source_id,
    pis.source_type,
    pis.period_note,
    pis.period_start_year,
@@ -163,6 +184,7 @@ const INFLUENCED_BY_SQL = `

 const INFLUENCED_SQL = `
  SELECT
+    pis.id AS influence_source_id,
    pis.notes,
    pis.source,
    pis.aspects,
@@ -187,9 +209,11 @@ app.get('/api/search', async (req, res) => {
    const q = typeof req.query.q === 'string' ? req.query.q : '';
    const limit = parseInt(req.query.limit, 10);
    const types = typeof req.query.types === 'string' ? req.query.types : undefined;
+    const { locale } = localeContext(req);
    const result = await searchCatalog(q, {
      limit: Number.isFinite(limit) ? limit : 20,
      types,
+      locale,
    });
    res.setHeader('Cache-Control', 'no-store');
    res.json(result);
@@ -204,9 +228,12 @@ app.get('/api/timeline', async (req, res) => {
    const { start, end } = req.query;
    const startYear = parseInt(start) || -3000;
    const endYear = parseInt(end) || 2100;
+    const { locale, statuses } = localeContext(req);

    const { eras, movements } = await fetchTimelineErasAndMovements(startYear, endYear);
-    res.json({ eras, movements });
+    const localizedEras = await localizeEras(eras, locale, statuses);
+    const localizedMovements = await localizeMovements(movements, locale, statuses);
+    res.json({ locale, eras: localizedEras, movements: localizedMovements });
  } catch (err) {
    console.error(err);
    res.status(500).json({ error: 'Failed to fetch timeline' });
@@ -219,6 +246,7 @@ app.get('/api/catalog/bootstrap', async (req, res) => {
    const bounds = await fetchCatalogBounds();
    const startYear = parseInt(req.query.start, 10) || bounds.min_year || -3000;
    const endYear = parseInt(req.query.end, 10) || bounds.max_year || 2100;
+    const { locale, statuses } = localeContext(req);

    const etagSource = await catalogBootstrapEtag();
    const etag = sendCatalogCacheHeaders(res, etagSource);
@@ -231,7 +259,17 @@ app.get('/api/catalog/bootstrap', async (req, res) => {
      fetchTimelineArtists(startYear, endYear),
    ]);

-    res.json({ bounds, eras, movements, artists });
+    const localizedEras = await localizeEras(eras, locale, statuses);
+    const localizedMovements = await localizeMovements(movements, locale, statuses);
+    const localizedArtists = await localizeArtists(artists, locale, statuses);
+
+    res.json({
+      locale,
+      bounds,
+      eras: localizedEras,
+      movements: localizedMovements,
+      artists: localizedArtists,
+    });
  } catch (err) {
    console.error(err);
    res.status(500).json({ error: 'Failed to fetch catalog bootstrap' });
@@ -256,6 +294,7 @@ app.get('/api/movements/:id/gallery', async (req, res) => {
    const paintings = await pool.query(
      `SELECT p.*,
              a.name AS artist_name,
+              a.id AS artist_id,
              p.checkup_checked,
              p.checkup_fixed,
              (${INFLUENCE_LINKS_EXISTS}) AS has_influence_links
@@ -266,9 +305,14 @@ app.get('/api/movements/:id/gallery', async (req, res) => {
      [id]
    );

+    const { locale, statuses } = localeContext(req);
+    const localizedMovement = (await localizeMovements([movement.rows[0]], locale, statuses))[0];
+    const localizedPaintings = await localizePaintings(paintings.rows, locale, statuses);
+
    res.json({
-      movement: movement.rows[0],
-      paintings: paintings.rows.map(enrichPaintingRow),
+      locale,
+      movement: localizedMovement,
+      paintings: localizedPaintings.map(enrichPaintingRow),
    });
  } catch (err) {
    console.error(err);
@@ -281,12 +325,14 @@ app.get('/api/movements/:id/artists', async (req, res) => {
  try {
    const { id } = req.params;
    const result = await pool.query(
-      `SELECT id, name, birth_year, death_year, portrait_path, bio_short
+      `SELECT id, name, birth_year, death_year, portrait_path, bio_short, movement_id
       FROM artists WHERE movement_id = $1
       ORDER BY birth_year`,
      [id]
    );
-    res.json(result.rows);
+    const { locale, statuses } = localeContext(req);
+    const localized = await localizeArtists(result.rows, locale, statuses);
+    res.json(localized);
  } catch (err) {
    console.error(err);
    res.status(500).json({ error: 'Failed to fetch artists' });
@@ -322,7 +368,9 @@ app.get('/api/artists', async (req, res) => {

    query += ' ORDER BY a.birth_year';
    const result = await pool.query(query, params);
-    res.json(result.rows);
+    const { locale, statuses } = localeContext(req);
+    const localized = await localizeArtists(result.rows, locale, statuses);
+    res.json(localized);
  } catch (err) {
    console.error(err);
    res.status(500).json({ error: 'Failed to fetch artists' });
@@ -401,9 +449,14 @@ app.get('/api/artists/:id/navigation', async (req, res) => {
      ),
    ]);

+    const { locale, statuses } = localeContext(req);
+    const locPred = await localizeArtists(predecessors.rows, locale, statuses);
+    const locSucc = await localizeArtists(successors.rows, locale, statuses);
+
    res.json({
-      predecessors: groupByMovement(predecessors.rows),
-      successors: groupByMovement(successors.rows),
+      locale,
+      predecessors: groupByMovement(locPred),
+      successors: groupByMovement(locSucc),
    });
  } catch (err) {
    console.error(err);
@@ -645,10 +698,16 @@ app.get('/api/artists/:id', async (req, res) => {
      return res.status(404).json({ error: 'Artist not found' });
    }

+    const { locale, statuses } = localeContext(req);
+    const localizedArtist = (await localizeArtists([artist.rows[0]], locale, statuses))[0];
+    const localizedPeriods = await localizePeriods(periods.rows, locale, statuses);
+    const localizedPaintings = await localizePaintings(paintings.rows, locale, statuses);
+
    res.json({
-      artist: enrichArtistRow(artist.rows[0]),
-      periods: periods.rows,
-      paintings: paintings.rows.map(enrichPaintingRow),
+      locale,
+      artist: enrichArtistRow(localizedArtist),
+      periods: localizedPeriods,
+      paintings: localizedPaintings.map(enrichPaintingRow),
    });
  } catch (err) {
    console.error(err);
@@ -803,11 +862,22 @@ app.get('/api/paintings/:id', async (req, res) => {
      ),
    ]);

+    const { locale, statuses } = localeContext(req);
+    const localizedPainting = (await localizePaintings([painting.rows[0]], locale, statuses))[0];
+    const localizedInfluencedBy = await localizeInfluenceSources(influencedBy.rows, locale, statuses);
+    const localizedInfluenced = await localizeInfluenceSources(
+      influenced.rows.map(enrichPaintingRow),
+      locale,
+      statuses,
+    );
+    const localizedAnnotations = await localizeAnnotations(annotations.rows, locale, statuses);
+
    res.json({
-      painting: enrichPaintingRow(painting.rows[0]),
-      influencedBy: influencedBy.rows,
-      influenced: influenced.rows.map(enrichPaintingRow),
-      annotations: annotations.rows,
+      locale,
+      painting: enrichPaintingRow(localizedPainting),
+      influencedBy: localizedInfluencedBy,
+      influenced: localizedInfluenced,
+      annotations: localizedAnnotations,
    });
  } catch (err) {
    console.error(err);
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ const INCREMENTAL_MIGRATIONS = [
  'migrate-perf-indexes.sql',
  'migrate-search.sql',
  'migrate-sync-timestamps.sql',
+  'migrate-i18n.sql',
 ];

 async function bootstrapCurator() {
@@ -0,0 +1,221 @@
+const express = require('express');
+const pool = require('../db');
+const { requireCurator } = require('../middleware/auth');
+const { logCuratorAction } = require('../audit-log');
+const {
+  TRANSLATABLE_FIELDS,
+  getEntityCanonical,
+  listTranslations,
+  upsertTranslation,
+  getTranslationCoverage,
+} = require('../translation-service');
+
+const router = express.Router();
+
+const VALID_ENTITY_TYPES = new Set(Object.keys(TRANSLATABLE_FIELDS));
+
+router.get('/worklist/:entityType', requireCurator, async (req, res) => {
+  try {
+    const entityType = req.params.entityType;
+    const locale = typeof req.query.locale === 'string' ? req.query.locale : 'ru';
+    if (!VALID_ENTITY_TYPES.has(entityType)) {
+      return res.status(400).json({ error: 'Invalid entity type' });
+    }
+
+    const tables = {
+      artist: { table: 'artists', label: 'name', idCol: 'id' },
+      painting: { table: 'paintings', label: 'title', idCol: 'id' },
+      movement: { table: 'art_movements', label: 'name', idCol: 'id' },
+    };
+    const spec = tables[entityType];
+    if (!spec) {
+      return res.json({ items: [] });
+    }
+
+    const { rows } = await pool.query(
+      `SELECT id AS entity_id, ${spec.label} AS label FROM ${spec.table} ORDER BY ${spec.label} LIMIT 1000`,
+    );
+
+    const ids = rows.map((r) => r.entity_id);
+    const { rows: transRows } = ids.length
+      ? await pool.query(
+        `SELECT entity_id, field_name, status
+         FROM entity_translations
+         WHERE entity_type = $1 AND entity_id = ANY($2::int[]) AND locale = $3`,
+        [entityType, ids, locale],
+      )
+      : { rows: [] };
+
+    const byEntity = new Map();
+    for (const tr of transRows) {
+      if (!byEntity.has(tr.entity_id)) byEntity.set(tr.entity_id, []);
+      byEntity.get(tr.entity_id).push(tr);
+    }
+
+    const fields = TRANSLATABLE_FIELDS[entityType] || [];
+    const items = rows.map((row) => {
+      const existing = byEntity.get(row.entity_id) || [];
+      const publishedCount = existing.filter((t) => t.status === 'published').length;
+      const draftCount = existing.filter((t) => t.status !== 'published').length;
+      const haveFields = new Set(existing.map((t) => t.field_name));
+      const missingFields = fields.filter((f) => !haveFields.has(f));
+      return {
+        entityId: row.entity_id,
+        label: row.label,
+        publishedCount,
+        draftCount,
+        missingFields,
+      };
+    });
+
+    res.json({ items });
+  } catch (err) {
+    console.error('Translation worklist error:', err.message);
+    res.status(500).json({ error: 'Failed to load worklist' });
+  }
+});
+
+router.get('/coverage', requireCurator, async (req, res) => {
+  try {
+    const locale = typeof req.query.locale === 'string' ? req.query.locale : 'ru';
+    const coverage = await getTranslationCoverage(locale);
+    res.json({ locale, coverage });
+  } catch (err) {
+    console.error('Translation coverage error:', err.message);
+    res.status(500).json({ error: 'Failed to load coverage' });
+  }
+});
+
+router.get('/', requireCurator, async (req, res) => {
+  try {
+    const entityType = typeof req.query.entityType === 'string' ? req.query.entityType : undefined;
+    const locale = typeof req.query.locale === 'string' ? req.query.locale : 'ru';
+    const status = typeof req.query.status === 'string' ? req.query.status : undefined;
+    const rows = await listTranslations({ entityType, locale, status });
+    res.json({ translations: rows });
+  } catch (err) {
+    console.error('List translations error:', err.message);
+    res.status(500).json({ error: 'Failed to list translations' });
+  }
+});
+
+router.get('/:entityType/:id', requireCurator, async (req, res) => {
+  try {
+    const entityType = req.params.entityType;
+    const entityId = parseInt(req.params.id, 10);
+    if (!VALID_ENTITY_TYPES.has(entityType) || !Number.isFinite(entityId)) {
+      return res.status(400).json({ error: 'Invalid entity type or id' });
+    }
+
+    const canonical = await getEntityCanonical(entityType, entityId);
+    if (!canonical) {
+      return res.status(404).json({ error: 'Entity not found' });
+    }
+
+    const { rows } = await pool.query(
+      `SELECT locale, field_name, value, status, source, updated_at
+       FROM entity_translations
+       WHERE entity_type = $1 AND entity_id = $2
+       ORDER BY locale, field_name`,
+      [entityType, entityId],
+    );
+
+    res.json({
+      entityType,
+      entityId,
+      canonical,
+      translatableFields: TRANSLATABLE_FIELDS[entityType],
+      translations: rows,
+    });
+  } catch (err) {
+    console.error('Get translation error:', err.message);
+    res.status(500).json({ error: 'Failed to load translation' });
+  }
+});
+
+router.put('/:entityType/:id', requireCurator, async (req, res) => {
+  try {
+    const entityType = req.params.entityType;
+    const entityId = parseInt(req.params.id, 10);
+    const locale = typeof req.body?.locale === 'string' ? req.body.locale : 'ru';
+    const fields = req.body?.fields;
+    const status = typeof req.body?.status === 'string' ? req.body.status : 'draft';
+
+    if (!VALID_ENTITY_TYPES.has(entityType) || !Number.isFinite(entityId)) {
+      return res.status(400).json({ error: 'Invalid entity type or id' });
+    }
+    if (!fields || typeof fields !== 'object') {
+      return res.status(400).json({ error: 'fields object required' });
+    }
+
+    const canonical = await getEntityCanonical(entityType, entityId);
+    if (!canonical) {
+      return res.status(404).json({ error: 'Entity not found' });
+    }
+
+    const allowed = new Set(TRANSLATABLE_FIELDS[entityType]);
+    const saved = [];
+    for (const [fieldName, value] of Object.entries(fields)) {
+      if (!allowed.has(fieldName) || typeof value !== 'string') continue;
+      const row = await upsertTranslation({
+        entityType,
+        entityId,
+        locale,
+        fieldName,
+        value,
+        status,
+        source: 'manual',
+      });
+      saved.push(row);
+    }
+
+    await logCuratorAction({
+      userId: req.curatorUser.id,
+      action: 'translation.upsert',
+      resourceType: entityType,
+      resourceId: entityId,
+      details: { locale, fieldCount: saved.length, status },
+      req,
+    });
+
+    res.json({ saved });
+  } catch (err) {
+    console.error('Upsert translation error:', err.message);
+    res.status(500).json({ error: 'Failed to save translation' });
+  }
+});
+
+router.post('/:entityType/:id/publish', requireCurator, async (req, res) => {
+  try {
+    const entityType = req.params.entityType;
+    const entityId = parseInt(req.params.id, 10);
+    const locale = typeof req.body?.locale === 'string' ? req.body.locale : 'ru';
+
+    if (!VALID_ENTITY_TYPES.has(entityType) || !Number.isFinite(entityId)) {
+      return res.status(400).json({ error: 'Invalid entity type or id' });
+    }
+
+    const { rowCount } = await pool.query(
+      `UPDATE entity_translations
+       SET status = 'published', updated_at = now()
+       WHERE entity_type = $1 AND entity_id = $2 AND locale = $3 AND status IN ('draft', 'reviewed')`,
+      [entityType, entityId, locale],
+    );
+
+    await logCuratorAction({
+      userId: req.curatorUser.id,
+      action: 'translation.publish',
+      resourceType: entityType,
+      resourceId: entityId,
+      details: { locale, updated: rowCount },
+      req,
+    });
+
+    res.json({ published: rowCount });
+  } catch (err) {
+    console.error('Publish translation error:', err.message);
+    res.status(500).json({ error: 'Failed to publish translations' });
+  }
+});
+
+module.exports = router;
@@ -2,6 +2,17 @@ const pool = require('./db');

 const VALID_TYPES = new Set(['artist', 'painting', 'movement']);

+const TRANSLATION_MATCH = (entityType, entityAlias, fieldName, localeParam) => `
+  EXISTS (
+    SELECT 1 FROM entity_translations t
+    WHERE t.entity_type = '${entityType}'
+      AND t.entity_id = ${entityAlias}.id
+      AND t.locale = ${localeParam}
+      AND t.field_name = '${fieldName}'
+      AND t.status IN ('published', 'reviewed')
+      AND t.value ILIKE $1
+  )`;
+
 function parseTypes(typesParam) {
  if (!typesParam || typeof typesParam !== 'string') {
    return ['artist', 'movement', 'painting'];
@@ -13,10 +24,18 @@ function parseTypes(typesParam) {
  return parsed.length > 0 ? parsed : ['artist', 'movement', 'painting'];
 }

-async function searchArtists(pattern, prefixPattern, perTypeLimit) {
+async function searchArtists(pattern, prefixPattern, perTypeLimit, locale = 'en') {
+  const localeParam = locale !== 'en' ? '$4' : null;
+  const translationClause = locale !== 'en'
+    ? ` OR ${TRANSLATION_MATCH('artist', 'a', 'name', localeParam)}`
+    : '';
+  const params = locale !== 'en'
+    ? [pattern, prefixPattern, perTypeLimit, locale]
+    : [pattern, prefixPattern, perTypeLimit];
+
  const { rows } = await pool.query(
    `SELECT a.id, a.name, a.birth_year, a.death_year,
-            a.portrait_path, a.portrait_thumb_path,
+            a.portrait_path, a.portrait_thumb_path, a.movement_id,
            m.name AS movement_name,
            CASE WHEN a.name ILIKE $2 THEN 0 ELSE 1 END AS rank
     FROM artists a
@@ -24,49 +43,140 @@ async function searchArtists(pattern, prefixPattern, perTypeLimit) {
     WHERE a.name ILIKE $1
        OR a.wikipedia_title ILIKE $1
        OR m.name ILIKE $1
+        ${translationClause}
     ORDER BY rank, a.name
     LIMIT $3`,
-    [pattern, prefixPattern, perTypeLimit]
+    params,
  );
-  return rows.map((row) => ({
-    type: 'artist',
-    id: row.id,
-    name: row.name,
-    birth_year: row.birth_year,
-    death_year: row.death_year,
-    movement_name: row.movement_name,
-    portrait_path: row.portrait_path,
-    portrait_thumb_path: row.portrait_thumb_path,
-    rank: row.rank,
-  }));
+
+  if (locale === 'en') {
+    return rows.map((row) => ({
+      type: 'artist',
+      id: row.id,
+      name: row.name,
+      birth_year: row.birth_year,
+      death_year: row.death_year,
+      movement_name: row.movement_name,
+      portrait_path: row.portrait_path,
+      portrait_thumb_path: row.portrait_thumb_path,
+      rank: row.rank,
+    }));
+  }
+
+  const {
+    loadTranslationsByType,
+    PUBLIC_STATUSES,
+  } = require('./translation-service');
+
+  const artistIds = rows.map((r) => r.id);
+  const movementIds = rows.map((r) => r.movement_id).filter(Boolean);
+  const artistMap = await loadTranslationsByType('artist', artistIds, locale, ['name'], PUBLIC_STATUSES);
+  const movementMap = movementIds.length
+    ? await loadTranslationsByType('movement', movementIds, locale, ['name'], PUBLIC_STATUSES)
+    : new Map();
+
+  const localized = rows.map((row) => {
+    const name = artistMap.get(`${row.id}:name`) || row.name;
+    let movement_name = row.movement_name;
+    if (row.movement_id && movementMap.has(`${row.movement_id}:name`)) {
+      movement_name = movementMap.get(`${row.movement_id}:name`);
+    }
+    return {
+      type: 'artist',
+      id: row.id,
+      name,
+      birth_year: row.birth_year,
+      death_year: row.death_year,
+      movement_name,
+      portrait_path: row.portrait_path,
+      portrait_thumb_path: row.portrait_thumb_path,
+      rank: row.rank,
+    };
+  });
+
+  return localized;
 }

-async function searchMovements(pattern, prefixPattern, perTypeLimit) {
+async function searchMovements(pattern, prefixPattern, perTypeLimit, locale = 'en') {
+  const localeParam = locale !== 'en' ? '$4' : null;
+  const movementTrans = locale !== 'en'
+    ? ` OR ${TRANSLATION_MATCH('movement', 'm', 'name', localeParam)}`
+    : '';
+  const eraTrans = locale !== 'en'
+    ? ` OR ${TRANSLATION_MATCH('era', 'e', 'name', localeParam)}`
+    : '';
+  const params = locale !== 'en'
+    ? [pattern, prefixPattern, perTypeLimit, locale]
+    : [pattern, prefixPattern, perTypeLimit];
+
  const { rows } = await pool.query(
-    `SELECT m.id, m.name, m.color, m.start_year, m.end_year,
+    `SELECT m.id, m.name, m.color, m.start_year, m.end_year, m.era_id,
            e.name AS era_name,
            CASE WHEN m.name ILIKE $2 THEN 0 ELSE 1 END AS rank
     FROM art_movements m
     LEFT JOIN historical_eras e ON m.era_id = e.id
     WHERE m.name ILIKE $1
        OR e.name ILIKE $1
+        ${movementTrans}
+        ${eraTrans}
     ORDER BY rank, m.name
     LIMIT $3`,
-    [pattern, prefixPattern, perTypeLimit]
+    params,
  );
+
+  if (locale === 'en') {
+    return rows.map((row) => ({
+      type: 'movement',
+      id: row.id,
+      name: row.name,
+      color: row.color,
+      start_year: row.start_year,
+      end_year: row.end_year,
+      era_name: row.era_name,
+      rank: row.rank,
+    }));
+  }
+
+  const { loadTranslationsByType, PUBLIC_STATUSES } = require('./translation-service');
+  const movementMap = await loadTranslationsByType(
+    'movement',
+    rows.map((r) => r.id),
+    locale,
+    ['name'],
+    PUBLIC_STATUSES,
+  );
+  const eraMap = await loadTranslationsByType(
+    'era',
+    rows.map((r) => r.era_id).filter(Boolean),
+    locale,
+    ['name'],
+    PUBLIC_STATUSES,
+  );
+
  return rows.map((row) => ({
    type: 'movement',
    id: row.id,
-    name: row.name,
+    name: movementMap.get(`${row.id}:name`) || row.name,
    color: row.color,
    start_year: row.start_year,
    end_year: row.end_year,
-    era_name: row.era_name,
+    era_name: (row.era_id && eraMap.get(`${row.era_id}:name`)) || row.era_name,
    rank: row.rank,
  }));
 }

-async function searchPaintings(pattern, prefixPattern, perTypeLimit) {
+async function searchPaintings(pattern, prefixPattern, perTypeLimit, locale = 'en') {
+  const localeParam = locale !== 'en' ? '$4' : null;
+  const paintingTrans = locale !== 'en'
+    ? ` OR ${TRANSLATION_MATCH('painting', 'p', 'title', localeParam)}`
+    : '';
+  const artistTrans = locale !== 'en'
+    ? ` OR ${TRANSLATION_MATCH('artist', 'a', 'name', localeParam)}`
+    : '';
+  const params = locale !== 'en'
+    ? [pattern, prefixPattern, perTypeLimit, locale]
+    : [pattern, prefixPattern, perTypeLimit];
+
  const { rows } = await pool.query(
    `SELECT p.id, p.title, p.year, p.thumbnail_path, p.image_path,
            a.id AS artist_id, a.name AS artist_name,
@@ -80,17 +190,51 @@ async function searchPaintings(pattern, prefixPattern, perTypeLimit) {
        OR a.name ILIKE $1
        OR m.name ILIKE $1
        OR CAST(p.year AS TEXT) ILIKE $1
+        ${paintingTrans}
+        ${artistTrans}
     ORDER BY rank, p.year NULLS LAST, p.title
     LIMIT $3`,
-    [pattern, prefixPattern, perTypeLimit]
+    params,
  );
+
+  if (locale === 'en') {
+    return rows.map((row) => ({
+      type: 'painting',
+      id: row.id,
+      title: row.title,
+      year: row.year,
+      artist_id: row.artist_id,
+      artist_name: row.artist_name,
+      movement_name: row.movement_name,
+      thumbnail_path: row.thumbnail_path,
+      image_path: row.image_path,
+      rank: row.rank,
+    }));
+  }
+
+  const { loadTranslationsByType, PUBLIC_STATUSES } = require('./translation-service');
+  const paintingMap = await loadTranslationsByType(
+    'painting',
+    rows.map((r) => r.id),
+    locale,
+    ['title'],
+    PUBLIC_STATUSES,
+  );
+  const artistMap = await loadTranslationsByType(
+    'artist',
+    rows.map((r) => r.artist_id),
+    locale,
+    ['name'],
+    PUBLIC_STATUSES,
+  );
+
  return rows.map((row) => ({
    type: 'painting',
    id: row.id,
-    title: row.title,
+    title: paintingMap.get(`${row.id}:title`) || row.title,
    year: row.year,
    artist_id: row.artist_id,
-    artist_name: row.artist_name,
+    artist_name: artistMap.get(`${row.artist_id}:name`) || row.artist_name,
    movement_name: row.movement_name,
    thumbnail_path: row.thumbnail_path,
    image_path: row.image_path,
@@ -101,9 +245,10 @@ async function searchPaintings(pattern, prefixPattern, perTypeLimit) {
 async function searchCatalog(query, options = {}) {
  const q = String(query || '').trim();
  if (q.length < 2) {
-    return { q, results: [] };
+    return { q, locale: options.locale || 'en', results: [] };
  }

+  const locale = options.locale || 'en';
  const limit = Math.min(50, Math.max(1, Number(options.limit) || 20));
  const types = parseTypes(options.types);
  const perTypeLimit = Math.max(1, Math.ceil(limit / types.length));
@@ -111,9 +256,9 @@ async function searchCatalog(query, options = {}) {
  const prefixPattern = `${q}%`;

  const tasks = [];
-  if (types.includes('artist')) tasks.push(searchArtists(pattern, prefixPattern, perTypeLimit));
-  if (types.includes('movement')) tasks.push(searchMovements(pattern, prefixPattern, perTypeLimit));
-  if (types.includes('painting')) tasks.push(searchPaintings(pattern, prefixPattern, perTypeLimit));
+  if (types.includes('artist')) tasks.push(searchArtists(pattern, prefixPattern, perTypeLimit, locale));
+  if (types.includes('movement')) tasks.push(searchMovements(pattern, prefixPattern, perTypeLimit, locale));
+  if (types.includes('painting')) tasks.push(searchPaintings(pattern, prefixPattern, perTypeLimit, locale));

  const groups = await Promise.all(tasks);
  const merged = groups
@@ -129,7 +274,7 @@ async function searchCatalog(query, options = {}) {
    .slice(0, limit)
    .map(({ rank: _rank, ...rest }) => rest);

-  return { q, results: merged };
+  return { q, locale, results: merged };
 }

 module.exports = { searchCatalog };
@@ -0,0 +1,340 @@
+const pool = require('./db');
+
+const SUPPORTED_LOCALES = new Set(['en', 'ru']);
+const DEFAULT_LOCALE = 'en';
+const PUBLIC_STATUSES = ['published'];
+const CURATOR_STATUSES = ['draft', 'reviewed', 'published'];
+
+const TRANSLATABLE_FIELDS = {
+  era: ['name', 'description'],
+  movement: ['name', 'description'],
+  artist: ['name', 'bio_short', 'bio_full'],
+  artist_period: ['name', 'description'],
+  painting: ['title', 'description'],
+  annotation: ['label', 'body'],
+  influence_source: ['notes', 'aspects', 'quote', 'period_note'],
+};
+
+function resolveLocale(req) {
+  const q = req?.query?.locale;
+  if (typeof q === 'string' && SUPPORTED_LOCALES.has(q.toLowerCase())) {
+    return q.toLowerCase();
+  }
+  const accept = req?.headers?.['accept-language'];
+  if (typeof accept === 'string' && /\bru\b/i.test(accept.split(',')[0])) {
+    return 'ru';
+  }
+  return DEFAULT_LOCALE;
+}
+
+function translationStatuses(req) {
+  if (req?.curatorUser && req?.query?.preview === '1') {
+    return CURATOR_STATUSES;
+  }
+  return PUBLIC_STATUSES;
+}
+
+function translationKey(entityId, fieldName) {
+  return `${entityId}:${fieldName}`;
+}
+
+async function loadTranslationsByType(entityType, ids, locale, fields, statuses) {
+  const map = new Map();
+  if (locale === DEFAULT_LOCALE || !ids.length || !fields.length) return map;
+
+  const uniqueIds = [...new Set(ids.filter((id) => Number.isFinite(id)))];
+  if (!uniqueIds.length) return map;
+
+  const { rows } = await pool.query(
+    `SELECT entity_id, field_name, value, status
+     FROM entity_translations
+     WHERE entity_type = $1
+       AND entity_id = ANY($2::int[])
+       AND locale = $3
+       AND field_name = ANY($4::text[])
+       AND status = ANY($5::text[])`,
+    [entityType, uniqueIds, locale, fields, statuses],
+  );
+
+  for (const row of rows) {
+    map.set(translationKey(row.entity_id, row.field_name), row.value);
+  }
+  return map;
+}
+
+function applyFields(row, entityType, entityId, fields, map, target = row) {
+  for (const field of fields) {
+    const value = map.get(translationKey(entityId, field));
+    if (value != null && value !== '') {
+      target[field] = value;
+    }
+  }
+  return target;
+}
+
+async function localizeEras(eras, locale, statuses) {
+  if (locale === DEFAULT_LOCALE || !eras.length) return eras;
+  const map = await loadTranslationsByType(
+    'era',
+    eras.map((e) => e.id),
+    locale,
+    TRANSLATABLE_FIELDS.era,
+    statuses,
+  );
+  return eras.map((era) => applyFields({ ...era }, 'era', era.id, TRANSLATABLE_FIELDS.era, map));
+}
+
+async function localizeMovements(movements, locale, statuses, eraNameById = new Map()) {
+  if (locale === DEFAULT_LOCALE || !movements.length) return movements;
+  const map = await loadTranslationsByType(
+    'movement',
+    movements.map((m) => m.id),
+    locale,
+    TRANSLATABLE_FIELDS.movement,
+    statuses,
+  );
+  const eraIds = movements.map((m) => m.era_id).filter(Boolean);
+  const eraMap = eraIds.length
+    ? await loadTranslationsByType('era', eraIds, locale, ['name'], statuses)
+    : new Map();
+
+  return movements.map((movement) => {
+    const out = applyFields({ ...movement }, 'movement', movement.id, TRANSLATABLE_FIELDS.movement, map);
+    if (movement.era_id && eraMap.has(translationKey(movement.era_id, 'name'))) {
+      out.era_name = eraMap.get(translationKey(movement.era_id, 'name'));
+    } else if (movement.era_id && eraNameById.has(movement.era_id)) {
+      out.era_name = eraNameById.get(movement.era_id);
+    }
+    return out;
+  });
+}
+
+async function localizeArtists(artists, locale, statuses) {
+  if (locale === DEFAULT_LOCALE || !artists.length) return artists;
+  const artistMap = await loadTranslationsByType(
+    'artist',
+    artists.map((a) => a.id),
+    locale,
+    TRANSLATABLE_FIELDS.artist,
+    statuses,
+  );
+  const movementIds = artists.map((a) => a.movement_id).filter(Boolean);
+  const movementMap = movementIds.length
+    ? await loadTranslationsByType('movement', movementIds, locale, ['name'], statuses)
+    : new Map();
+
+  return artists.map((artist) => {
+    const out = applyFields({ ...artist }, 'artist', artist.id, TRANSLATABLE_FIELDS.artist, artistMap);
+    if (artist.movement_id && movementMap.has(translationKey(artist.movement_id, 'name'))) {
+      out.movement_name = movementMap.get(translationKey(artist.movement_id, 'name'));
+    }
+    return out;
+  });
+}
+
+async function localizePeriods(periods, locale, statuses) {
+  if (locale === DEFAULT_LOCALE || !periods.length) return periods;
+  const map = await loadTranslationsByType(
+    'artist_period',
+    periods.map((p) => p.id),
+    locale,
+    TRANSLATABLE_FIELDS.artist_period,
+    statuses,
+  );
+  return periods.map((period) =>
+    applyFields({ ...period }, 'artist_period', period.id, TRANSLATABLE_FIELDS.artist_period, map),
+  );
+}
+
+async function localizePaintings(paintings, locale, statuses) {
+  if (locale === DEFAULT_LOCALE || !paintings.length) return paintings;
+  const paintingMap = await loadTranslationsByType(
+    'painting',
+    paintings.map((p) => p.id),
+    locale,
+    TRANSLATABLE_FIELDS.painting,
+    statuses,
+  );
+  const artistIds = paintings.map((p) => p.artist_id).filter(Boolean);
+  const artistMap = artistIds.length
+    ? await loadTranslationsByType('artist', artistIds, locale, ['name'], statuses)
+    : new Map();
+
+  return paintings.map((painting) => {
+    const out = applyFields({ ...painting }, 'painting', painting.id, TRANSLATABLE_FIELDS.painting, paintingMap);
+    const artistId = painting.artist_id;
+    if (artistId && artistMap.has(translationKey(artistId, 'name'))) {
+      out.artist_name = artistMap.get(translationKey(artistId, 'name'));
+    }
+    return out;
+  });
+}
+
+async function localizeAnnotations(annotations, locale, statuses) {
+  if (locale === DEFAULT_LOCALE || !annotations.length) return annotations;
+  const map = await loadTranslationsByType(
+    'annotation',
+    annotations.map((a) => a.id),
+    locale,
+    TRANSLATABLE_FIELDS.annotation,
+    statuses,
+  );
+  return annotations.map((ann) =>
+    applyFields({ ...ann }, 'annotation', ann.id, TRANSLATABLE_FIELDS.annotation, map),
+  );
+}
+
+async function localizeInfluenceSources(rows, locale, statuses) {
+  if (locale === DEFAULT_LOCALE || !rows.length) return rows;
+  const sourceIds = rows.map((r) => r.influence_source_id || r.id).filter(Boolean);
+  const map = await loadTranslationsByType(
+    'influence_source',
+    sourceIds,
+    locale,
+    TRANSLATABLE_FIELDS.influence_source,
+    statuses,
+  );
+
+  const paintingIds = rows.map((r) => r.id).filter(Boolean);
+  const artistIds = rows.map((r) => r.artist_id || r.source_artist_id).filter(Boolean);
+  const movementIds = rows.map((r) => r.movement_id).filter(Boolean);
+
+  const [paintingMap, artistMap, movementMap] = await Promise.all([
+    paintingIds.length
+      ? loadTranslationsByType('painting', paintingIds, locale, ['title'], statuses)
+      : Promise.resolve(new Map()),
+    artistIds.length
+      ? loadTranslationsByType('artist', artistIds, locale, ['name'], statuses)
+      : Promise.resolve(new Map()),
+    movementIds.length
+      ? loadTranslationsByType('movement', movementIds, locale, ['name'], statuses)
+      : Promise.resolve(new Map()),
+  ]);
+
+  return rows.map((row) => {
+    const sourceId = row.influence_source_id || row.id;
+    const out = applyFields(
+      { ...row },
+      'influence_source',
+      sourceId,
+      TRANSLATABLE_FIELDS.influence_source,
+      map,
+    );
+    if (row.id && paintingMap.has(translationKey(row.id, 'title'))) {
+      out.title = paintingMap.get(translationKey(row.id, 'title'));
+    }
+    const artistId = row.artist_id || row.source_artist_id;
+    if (artistId && artistMap.has(translationKey(artistId, 'name'))) {
+      if (row.source_artist_name != null) out.source_artist_name = artistMap.get(translationKey(artistId, 'name'));
+      if (row.artist_name != null) out.artist_name = artistMap.get(translationKey(artistId, 'name'));
+    }
+    if (row.movement_id && movementMap.has(translationKey(row.movement_id, 'name'))) {
+      out.movement_name = movementMap.get(translationKey(row.movement_id, 'name'));
+    }
+    return out;
+  });
+}
+
+async function upsertTranslation({
+  entityType,
+  entityId,
+  locale,
+  fieldName,
+  value,
+  status = 'draft',
+  source = 'manual',
+}) {
+  const { rows } = await pool.query(
+    `INSERT INTO entity_translations (entity_type, entity_id, locale, field_name, value, status, source)
+     VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7)
+     ON CONFLICT (entity_type, entity_id, locale, field_name)
+     DO UPDATE SET value = EXCLUDED.value, status = EXCLUDED.status, source = EXCLUDED.source, updated_at = now()
+     RETURNING *`,
+    [entityType, entityId, locale, fieldName, value, status, source],
+  );
+  return rows[0];
+}
+
+async function getEntityCanonical(entityType, entityId) {
+  const tables = {
+    era: { table: 'historical_eras', fields: ['name', 'description'] },
+    movement: { table: 'art_movements', fields: ['name', 'description'] },
+    artist: { table: 'artists', fields: ['name', 'bio_short', 'bio_full'] },
+    artist_period: { table: 'artist_periods', fields: ['name', 'description'] },
+    painting: { table: 'paintings', fields: ['title', 'description'] },
+    annotation: { table: 'painting_annotations', fields: ['label', 'body'] },
+    influence_source: {
+      table: 'painting_influence_sources',
+      fields: ['notes', 'aspects', 'quote', 'period_note'],
+    },
+  };
+  const spec = tables[entityType];
+  if (!spec) return null;
+  const cols = ['id', ...spec.fields].join(', ');
+  const { rows } = await pool.query(
+    `SELECT ${cols} FROM ${spec.table} WHERE id = $1`,
+    [entityId],
+  );
+  return rows[0] || null;
+}
+
+async function listTranslations(filters = {}) {
+  const conditions = [];
+  const params = [];
+  if (filters.entityType) {
+    params.push(filters.entityType);
+    conditions.push(`entity_type = $${params.length}`);
+  }
+  if (filters.locale) {
+    params.push(filters.locale);
+    conditions.push(`locale = $${params.length}`);
+  }
+  if (filters.status) {
+    params.push(filters.status);
+    conditions.push(`status = $${params.length}`);
+  }
+  const where = conditions.length ? `WHERE ${conditions.join(' AND ')}` : '';
+  const { rows } = await pool.query(
+    `SELECT * FROM entity_translations ${where} ORDER BY entity_type, entity_id, field_name LIMIT 5000`,
+    params,
+  );
+  return rows;
+}
+
+async function getTranslationCoverage(locale = 'ru') {
+  const { rows } = await pool.query(
+    `SELECT
+      (SELECT COUNT(*)::int FROM artists) AS artists_total,
+      (SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT entity_id)::int FROM entity_translations
+        WHERE entity_type = 'artist' AND locale = $1 AND field_name = 'bio_full' AND status = 'published') AS artists_bio_full,
+      (SELECT COUNT(*)::int FROM paintings) AS paintings_total,
+      (SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT entity_id)::int FROM entity_translations
+        WHERE entity_type = 'painting' AND locale = $1 AND field_name = 'title' AND status = 'published') AS paintings_title,
+      (SELECT COUNT(*)::int FROM entity_translations WHERE locale = $1 AND status = 'draft') AS draft_count,
+      (SELECT COUNT(*)::int FROM entity_translations WHERE locale = $1 AND status = 'published') AS published_count`,
+    [locale],
+  );
+  return rows[0];
+}
+
+module.exports = {
+  SUPPORTED_LOCALES,
+  DEFAULT_LOCALE,
+  TRANSLATABLE_FIELDS,
+  PUBLIC_STATUSES,
+  CURATOR_STATUSES,
+  resolveLocale,
+  translationStatuses,
+  loadTranslationsByType,
+  localizeEras,
+  localizeMovements,
+  localizeArtists,
+  localizePeriods,
+  localizePaintings,
+  localizeAnnotations,
+  localizeInfluenceSources,
+  upsertTranslation,
+  getEntityCanonical,
+  listTranslations,
+  getTranslationCoverage,
+};